Transdermal delivery of allopurinol to acute hyperuricemic mice via polymer microneedles for the regulation of serum uric acid levels

Abstract

Allopurinol (AP) is widely used to treat hyperuricemia which may cause severe side effects after oral administration. Alternative means for the treatment of hyperuricemia are demanded to simultaneously facilitate drug...

Recent developments on microwave-assisted organic synthesis of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing preferred heterocyclic scaffolds

“…78 The pyrazolopyrimidine structure is particularly alluring due to its synthetic feasibility and profound pharmacological significance. Several well-known drugs in the market incorporate the pyrazolopyrimidine nucleus, including zaleplon, 79 indiplon, 80 allopurinol, 81 dinaciclib, 82 ocinaplon, 83 pyrazophos, 84 and sildenafil. 85 Pyrazolopyrimidines showcase a diverse range of pharmacological properties, serving as cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, 86 antibacterial agents, 87 antifungal agents, 88 anti-proliferative compounds, 89 as well as anti-leishmanial 90 and antiviral agents.…”

Core–shell structured microneedles with programmed drug release functions for prolonged hyperuricemia management

“…An in vivo study demonstrated that the AP-loaded MN system can effectively reduce SUA levels, akin to oral administration but with lower side effects, which will be conducive to reducing the adverse reactions and improving the bioavailability of AP. The SUA levels can still be maintained at the therapeutic level (∼150 μmol L −1 ) even after 5 h. 28 However, the effective timeframe for regulating SUA levels using this MN system remains relatively limited, posing a challenge in meeting the daily requirements for long-term SUA level management.…”

Fabrication of polyvinyl pyrrolidone-K90/Eudragit RL100-based dissolving microneedle patches loaded with alpha-arbutin and resveratrol for skin depigmentation

“…More recently, DMNs fabricated from PVP and polycaprolactone (PCL) were successfully applied as patches for the transdermal delivery of allopurinol in an in vitro and in vivo study with the purpose of acute hyperuricemia treatment. 32 Zeng et al (2022) successfully developed as-fabricated flexible MN dressings loaded with metformin and CaO 2 @polydopamine (CaO 2 @PDA) nanoparticles for antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and E. coli and accelerated diabetic skin-wound healing. 33 Moreover, Ruan et al…”