Transesterification of vegetable oils promoted by poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) and poly(divinylbenzene)

Rezende, Simone M. de; Reis, Michele de Castro; Reid, Marcelli Garcia; Silva, Paulo Lúcio; Coutinho, Fernanda M. B.; Gil, Rosane Aguiar da Silva San; Lachter, Elizabeth R.

doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2008.07.030

Cited by 59 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Some attempts have been made with the sulfonic acid ionicexchange resins, such as Poly (DVB) resin sulfonated with H 2 SO 4 [98], Amberlyst-35(Rohm & Haas) [98], Amberlyst-15 (Rohm & Haas) [94,99], and Nafion SAC-13 [100]. Rezende et al [98] prepared different polymer supports based on styrene and divinylbenzene which were conveniently functionalized with sulfonic acid. In order to obtain an appropriated triglyceride conversion at low temperature (65°C), it was necessary to use a high ratio of methanol to oil (50:1-300:1) and high catalyst dosage (25-50%).…”

Section: Organically-functionalized Acid Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biodiesel Synthesis

et al. 2010

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Heterogeneous catalysts are promising for the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel and have been studied intensively over the last decade. Unlike the homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts can be easily separated from reaction mixture and reused for many times. They are environmentally benign and could be easily operated in continuous processes. This review classifies the solid catalysts into two categories based on their catalytic temperature, i.e. high temperature catalysts and low temperature catalysts. The nature of the catalysts can be specified into solid bases and solid acids. Three aspects, catalyst activity, catalyst life and oil flexibility, will be reviewed. Two kinds of heterogeneous catalysts, reported by IFP Inc. and by WSU, respectively, show a high catalytic activity, long catalyst life and low leaching of catalyst components. These two catalysts also show ability to simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification, and can be used in half-refined or crude oil system which provide a potential for greatly decrease the feedstock cost.

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Section: Organically-functionalized Acid Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancements in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biodiesel Synthesis

et al. 2010

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“…Many solid bases have been reported to transesterify triglyceride, such as alkaline earth oxides (Corma et al 2006, Kouzu et al 2008, Liu et al 2008, anion exchange resin (Shibasaki-Kitakawa et al 2007), organic solid base (Faria et al 2008, de Rezende et al 2008, supported solid base (Samart et al , Verziu et al 2009). Recently, many types of alkali metal compounds have been employed for biodiesel preparation: biodiesel was produced from soybean oil over sodium aluminate; the solid base showed high catalytic activity for methanolysis, reaching a 93.6% yield under optimal reaction conditions, and the reaction contained homogeneous and heterogeneous contributions at the same time (Tao Wan et al 2009); Arzamendi et al (2008) reported that sodium, potassium carbonate and sodium phosphate all catalyzed transesterification; potassium carbonate had the highest activity, while sodium carbonate and sodium phosphate exhibited almost the same activity which was much lower than potassium carbonate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium phosphate as a solid catalyst for biodiesel preparation

Jiang¹,

Zhang²,

Pan³

2010

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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-Sodium phosphate (Na 3 PO 4 ) was chosen as catalyst for biodiesel preparation from rapeseed oil. The effects of mass ratio of catalyst to oil, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and rotation speed on biodiesel yield were investigated. For a mass ratio of catalyst to oil of 3%, molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, reaction temperature of 343K and rotation speed of 600rpm, the transesterification was nearly completed within 20 minutes. Na 3 PO 4 has a similar activity to homogeneous catalysts. Na 3 PO 4 could be used repeatedly for 8 runs without any activation treatment and no obvious activity loss was observed. The concentrations of catalyst in biodiesel ranged from 0.6 to 0.7 mg/g. Compared to Na 3 PO 4 , Na 3 PO 4 .10H 2 O was cheaper, but the final yield was 71.3%, much lower than that of Na 3 PO 4 at 99.7%.

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“…Resinas poliméricas vêm sendo extensamente avaliadas como suportes, sobretudo para catalisadores [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] e complexantes de íons metálicos [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] . A aplicação desses materiais como suportes para agentes biocidas tem sido relatada em diversas patentes desde a década de 70 [10,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] .…”

Section: Polímeros Reticulados Com Atividade Biocidaunclassified

Resinas poliméricas reticuladas com ação biocida: atual estado da arte

et al. 2015

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AesumoCopolímeros reticulados à base de divinilbenzeno vêm sendo extensivamente empregados como suportes de catalisadores e complexantes de íons metálicos, adsorventes de compostos orgânicos e fases estacionárias em separações cromatográficas. A introdução de grupos biocidas a estes materiais é relatada em patentes desde a década de 1970, contudo apenas a partir do ano 2000 estes copolímeros passaram a ser aplicados também como suportes para grupos biocidas. A presente revisão apresenta as principais combinações de suportes poliméricos e grupos biocidas estudados com o objetivo de preparar resinas biocidas reticuladas. Procura-se estabelecer relação entre as características dessas resinas e seu mecanismo de ação biocida. Palavras-chave: agentes antimicrobianos imobilizados em polímeros, biocida, copolímeros de estireno-divinilbenzeno, resinas poliméricas. AbstractCrosslinked copolymers of divinylbenzene have been extensively employed as supports for catalysts and chelating groups of metal ions, adsorbents of organic compounds and stationary phases for chromatography separations. The use of these copolymers as support for biocidal groups is reported in patents since the 1970s, but only after 2000 were these copolymers also applied as supports for biocidal groups. This paper describes the main combinations of polymeric supports and biocide groups employed in biocide polymer resins. The relationship between the characteristics of these resins and their mechanism of action is also established in this work.Keywords: antimicrobial agents immobilized on polymers, biocide, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers, polymeric resins. IntroduçãoA contaminação por micro-organismos pode causar sérias complicações para o homem, particularmente se estiver em equipamentos médicos, cirúrgicos, odontológicos, medicamentos, produtos de higiene e de cuidados com a saúde, sistemas de purificação de água, tecidos, embalagens e estocagem de alimentos [1,2] . Uma maneira de combater as atividades microbianas negativas é através de agentes biocidas. "Biocida" é um termo genérico utilizado para se referir aos compostos dotados da capacidade de inibir o crescimento ou matar determinados micro-organismos. A aplicação desta classe de materiais é muito ampla, podendo ser utilizados nos mais diversos produtos e processos, e por isso outros termos são utilizados para diferenciá-los entre si: antibióticos, antissépticos, desinfetantes e conservantes [3] .Percebe-se que há uma confusão conceitual quanto à atividade do agente antimicrobiano. O termo biocida só deve ser utilizado quando ocorrer a destruição significativa dos micro-organismos e o termo bioestático ou bacteriostático quando ocorrer a inibição do crescimento dos micro-organismos, sem que no entanto estes sejam destruídos [4,5] . Os agentes biocidas podem exercer efeitos tanto bacteriostáticos quanto bactericidas. Os mecanismos de ação responsáveis por esses efeitos podem diferir. Efeitos bacteriostáticos são geralmente considerados quando causam algum dano metabólico que é reversível pela r...

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Transesterification of vegetable oils promoted by poly(styrene-divinylbenzene) and poly(divinylbenzene)

Cited by 59 publications

References 25 publications

Advancements in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biodiesel Synthesis

Advancements in Heterogeneous Catalysis for Biodiesel Synthesis

Sodium phosphate as a solid catalyst for biodiesel preparation

Resinas poliméricas reticuladas com ação biocida: atual estado da arte

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