“…There is a general sense that pro-environmental leadership actions are lacking at all levels of government (Gallagher, 2012;Niu et al, 2018), reflected in delays in climate change action, slow funding growth (Wang, Hawkins, Lebredo, & Berman, 2012;Wang & Berman, 2014), and insufficient intergovernmental and international collaboration (McGuire & Silvia, 2010). A deficit in leadership behaviours that could have salient impact on motivating followers' proenvironmental actions is highlighted by the urgent need for sustainable urban transformation (Block & Paredis, 2013;Pasha, Poister, Wright, & Thomas, 2017;Gamso, 2018). These deficiencies are augmented by the fact that we know little about government leaders' motives for engaging in pro-environmental actions.…”