Transforming Growth Factor-  and Wound Healing

Abstract

Acute and chronic wounds are a source of significant morbidity for patients, and they demand a growing portion of health-care time and finances to be devoted to their care. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has surfaced from abundant research as a key signal in orchestrating wound repair. In beginning this review, we discuss the inflammatory, proliferative, and maturational phases of wound healing. We then focus on TGF-β by first discussing the pathway from its production to the target cell where Smad proteins execute an intracellular signaling cascade. To review TGF-β's role in wound healing, we discuss the actions of it individually on keratinocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and monocytes, which are the major cell types involved in wound repair. From illustrating these cellular actions of TGF-β, we summarize its multipotent role in the process of wound repair. As a clinical correlation, we also review research dedicated to the involvement of TGF-β in venous stasis ulcers.

Cooperation of myocardin and smad2 in inducing differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into smooth muscle cells

“…Although Smad2 and Smad3 are reported to have a final common pathway, slight differences lead to different cellular effects. For instance, Smad3 directly interacts with DNA, whereas Smad2 requires other transcription factors to interact with DNA and affect gene expression (29). Apparently, in our research, we observed that Smad2, not Smad3, associates with myocardin to coactivate the SM22a promoter and also tremendously enhances SM22a expression in primary rat MSCs.…”

Differential involvement of estrogen receptorα and estrogen receptorβ in the healing promoting effect of estrogen in human keratinocytes

“…TGF-b1 has a well-established regulatory role in wound healing influencing all stages of wound repair, mainly through induction of extracellular matrix deposition and down-regulation of matrix degradation (Son et al 2005, Faler et al 2006, Lamar et al 2008. In aged skin, topical application as well as systemic administration of TGF-b1 affects tissue repair rates (Beck et al 1993), accelerating wound closure and restoring normal healing (Pierce et al 1989, Son et al 2005.…”

The role of growth factors in extraction wound healing

“…Transformacioni faktor rasta beta igra važnu ulogu u raznovrsnim ćelijskim funkcijama tokom svih faza zarastanja rane, uključujući produkciju ECM, ekspresiju proteaze, migraciju, hemotaksu, difrencijaciju i proliferaciju različitih tipova ćelija 18 . Sva tri izoformna oblika sintetizovana su i pronađena u trombocitima i makrofagima, a proizvode ih i osteoblasti inkorporirani u mineralizovani koštani matriks.…”

“…The transformation growth factor beta plays an important role in a variety of cellular functions during all phases of wound healing, including: ECM production, protease expression and migration, chemotaxis, differentiation and proliferation of different cell types 18 . All three isoforms are synthesized and found in platelets and macrophages, and also produced by osteoclasts incorporated in the mineralized bone matrix.…”