Transgenic fish: an evaluation of benefits and risks

Maclean, Norman; Laight, R.J.

doi:10.1046/j.1467-2979.2000.00014.x

Cited by 92 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Genetic modification (GM) is another potential option for increasing endogenous production or retention of n-3 LC-PUFA in farmed fish (Maclean and Laight, 2000). Proof of concept of GM to enhance production characteristics in farmed fish already exists as transgenic lines transformed with growth hormone/promoter genes have been produced that demonstrate growth enhancement in several species, including Atlantic salmon (Devlin et al, 2004).…”

Section: Enhancing Endogenous Lc-pufa Production and Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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Abbreviations: ARA, arachidonic acid (20:4n-6); CVD, cardiovascular disease; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3); DPA, docosapentaenoic acid (22:5n-3); EFA, essential fatty acid; Elovl, fatty acid elongase; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3); Fads, fatty acyl desaturase; FM, fishmeal; FO, fish oil; LC-PUFA, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥ C20 ≥ 3 double bonds); LOA, linoleic acid (18:2n-6); LNA, linolenic acid (18:3n-3); PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; TAG, triacylglycerol; VO, vegetable oil. ABSTRACTIn the 40 years since the essentiality of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in fish was first established by determining quantitative requirements for 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 in rainbow trout, essential fatty acid (EFA) research has gone through distinct phases. For 20 years the focus was primarily on determining qualitative and quantitative EFA requirements of fish species. Nutritional and biochemical studies showed major differences between fish species based on whether C 18 PUFA or long-chain (LC)-PUFA were required to satisfy requirements. In contrast, in the last 20 years, research emphasis shifted to determining "optimal" levels of EFA to support growth of fish fed diets with increased lipid content and where growth expectations were much higher. This required greater knowledge of the roles and functions of EFA in metabolism and physiology, and how these impacted on fish health and disease. Requirement studies were more focused on early life stages, in particular larval marine fish, defining not only levels, but also balances between different EFA. Finally, a major driver in the last 10-15 years has been the unavoidable replacement of fish oil and fishmeal in feeds and the impacts that this can have on n-3 LC-PUFA contents of diets and farmed fish, and the human consumer. Thus, dietary n-3 in fish feeds can be defined by three levels.Firstly, the minimum level required to satisfy EFA requirements and thus prevent nutritional pathologies. This level is relatively small and easy to supply even with today's current high demand for fish oil. The second level is that required to sustain maximum growth and optimum health in fish being fed modern high-energy diets. The balance between different PUFA and LC-PUFA is important and defining them is more challenging, and so ideal levels and balances are still not well understood, particularly in relation to fish health. The third level is currently driving much research; how can we supply sufficient n-3 LC-PUFA to maintain the nutritional quality of farmed fish at the same level as 20 years ago, and similar or better than in wild fish? This level far exceeds the biological requirements of the fish itself and to satisfy it we require entirely new sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. We cannot rely on the finite and limited marine resources that we can sustainably harvest or 3 efficiently recycle. We need to produce n-3 LC-PUFA de novo and all possible options should be considered.Keywords: Fish oil; essential fatty acids; nutrition; health; metabolism; sustainability 4 Highl...

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Section: Enhancing Endogenous Lc-pufa Production and Retentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective

2015

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“…The objective of applying transgenic techniques to fish that has received the most attention is growth enhancement (Maclean and Laight, 2000). Many countries are discussing or developing safety assessment strategies for fast-growing transgenic fish, and growth hormone (GH) transgenic fish are near the point of widespread commercial use (Niiler, 2000;Fu et al, 2005;Hu et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hematological response to exhaustive exercise in ‘all-fish’ growth hormone transgenic common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Wang

et al. 2011

Aquaculture

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“…in Britain and Cuba (Rahman et al 1998;Martinez et al, 1996). However, biosafety issues have hindered the marketability of transgenic fish and they remain unavailable in the marketplace (Maclean and Laight, 2000;Wu et al, 2003;Zbikowska, 2003;Hu et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%