“…There has been extensive literature in recent years on the impact of testing on teachers and instruction, with much of this focused on how instruction became more test oriented in diverse, low-income schools with high numbers of bilingual learners where teachers tended to be monitored more and required to follow standardized curricula than their counterparts in wealthier, whiter schools and districts (e.g., Ruecker, 2015; Au, 2016; Callahan, 2006; Gilliland, 2017; Holloway & Brass, 2017; McCarthey, 2008). Related work has documented how high-stakes accountability and related educational reforms, such as the small school movement, have led to the dismantling of bilingual programs and the further marginalization of bilingual learners (Menken & Solorza, 2014).…”