Transient voltage measurement of primary ionisation in nitrogen

Abstract

Electron impact ionisation of nitrogen gas has been studied using an integrated voltage method with the data subjected to a full analysis including the effects of diffusion. Values of the primary ionisation coefficient have been obtained over the swarm energy range 300 nTd<or=E/N<or=2400 Td. Experimental evidence has been obtained that secondary effects contribute greatly to the charge flow at these high values of E/N and that if not recognised may produce false values of alpha /N. The effect of ignoring diffusion at low gas pressures (p approximately=1 Torr) is also considered.

Structural Changes of Positive Active Material in Lead‐Acid Batteries in Deep‐Discharge Cycling

“…Recently, some researchers have found that when plates were cycled towards failure, there was a buildup of PbSO4 crystals around the grid member. This was found in plates of Pb-Sb grids (33,47) and in nonantimonial grids (48)(49)(50). As discussed previously, we have observed the same buildup.…”

Low-pressure gas breakdown in longitudinal combined electric fields

“…As the coefficient γ depends not only on the gas species but also on the material and state of the cathode surface, it is expedient to determine γ under conditions of our experiments. To this end we obtained the dependence of α/p on E/p with the Bolsig numerical code permitting us to find the transport coefficients of electrons in a number of gases with the superimposed electric field E. In this paper we also used the measured and calculated data of [31][32][33][34][35][36] and obtained the approximation formulae…”