Transition layer on the surface on ice

Beaglehole, D.; Nason, D.

doi:10.1016/0039-6028(80)90313-1

Cited by 168 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…For these measurements below 0 ºC, the low thermal conductivity in the gas phase implies lower 15 heat transfer between the gases and the QLL, which can be easily compensated by the cooling system, resulting in small temperature gradients through the sample, and yielding to smaller QLL thicknesses. On the contrary, ellipsometry (Beaglehole and Nason, 1980;Furukawa et al, 1987) and AFM determinations (Petrenko, 1997;Bluhm and Salmeron, 1999;Döppenschmidt and Butt, 2000;Bluhm et al, 2000;Pittenger et al, 2001) give thicker QLL values. Even though in the ellipsometry experiments the samples were only in contact with water vapor, Beaglehole and Nason and Furukawa et al 20 experiments use thick ice samples (several millimeters to centimeters) that are only cooled from below, which might produce relevant temperature gradients in the samples.…”

Section: Afm Measurements With the Mec 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though in the ellipsometry experiments the samples were only in contact with water vapor, Beaglehole and Nason and Furukawa et al 20 experiments use thick ice samples (several millimeters to centimeters) that are only cooled from below, which might produce relevant temperature gradients in the samples. For instance, in one of the experiments (Beaglehole and Nason, 1980) the authors report temperature gradients around 0.5 ºC in the ice sample.…”

Section: Afm Measurements With the Mec 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the experimental techniques, the smaller QLL thicknesses correspond to measurements such as Brewster reflectometry (Elbaum et al, 1993), XPS (Bluhm et al, 2002), X-ray scattering (Lied et al, 1994;Dosch et al, 1995 and and IR spectroscopy techniques Ewing, 2002 and2003). On the contrary, ellipsometry (Beaglehole and Nason, 1980;Furukawa et al, 1987) and AFM determinations (Petrenko, 1997;Bluhm and Salmeron, 1999;Döppenschmidt and Butt, 2000;Bluhm et al, 2000;Pittenger et al, 2001) give thicker QLL values. AFM experiments, for 30 instance, involve the interaction of a tip with the sample; thus, it is uncertain whether other phenomena are also involved in the measurements.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 Measurements of the ice QLL layer thickness were reported in the literature using different experimental techniques such as Brewster reflectometry (Elbaum et al, 1993), ellipsometry (Beaglehole and Nason, 1980;Furukawa et al, 1987), X-Ray scattering (Lied et al, 1994;Dosch et al, 1995 and, proton channeling (Golecki and Jaccard, 1977), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (Ishizaki et al, 1996), infrared spectroscopy Ewing, 2002 and2003;Richardson, 2006), photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Bluhm et al, 2002), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) (Petrenko, 1997;Bluhm and 20 Salmeron, 1999;Bluhm et al, 2000;Döppenschmidt and Butt, 2000;Pittenger et al, 2001). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quasi-Liquid Layer of ice revisited: the role of temperature gradients and tip chemistry in AFM studies

Constantin¹,

Gianetti²,

Longinotti³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. In this work, we present new results of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) force curves over pure ice at different temperatures, performed with two different environmental chambers and different kind of AFM tips. Our results provide insight to resolve the controversy on the interpretation of experimental AFM curves on the ice-air interface for determining the thickness of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL). The use of a mini environmental chamber, that provides an accurate control of the temperature and humidity of the gases in contact with the sample, allowed us for the first time to get force curves over 15 the ice-air interface without jump-in (jumps of the tip onto the ice surface, widely observed in previous studies). These results suggest a QLL thickness below 1 nm within the explored temperature range (-7 ºC to -2 ºC). This upper bound is significantly lower than most of the previous AFM results, which suggests that previous authors overestimate the equilibrium QLL thickness, due to temperature gradients, or indentation of ice during the jump-in. Additionally, we proved that the hydrophobicity of AFM tips affects significantly the results of the experiments. Overall, this work shows that, if one 20 chooses properly the experimental conditions, the QLL thicknesses obtained by AFM lay over the lower bound of the highly disperse results reported in the literature. This allows estimating upper boundaries for the QLL thicknesses, which is relevant to validate QLL theories, and to improve multiphase atmospheric chemistry models.

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Section: Afm Measurements With the Mec 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Afm Measurements With the Mec 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Quasi-Liquid Layer of ice revisited: the role of temperature gradients and tip chemistry in AFM studies

Constantin¹,

Gianetti²,

Longinotti³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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show abstract

“…At present the hypothesis is accepted on the basis of several experimental evidences using NMR (Kvlividze et al, 1974), ellipsometry (Beaglehole and Nason, 1980), electrical (Jaccard, 1967;Maeno and Nishimura, 1978), and other measurements (Nakaya and Matsumoto, 1954;Jellinek, 1959;Golecki and Jaccard, 1977), and theoretical investigations by Fletcher (1962Fletcher ( , 1968, and Lacmann and Stranski (1972). The consensus view is that the layer is stable above about -20*10*.…”

Section: Growth Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%