Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Reliability and Validity Testing of a Chinese Version of the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ-CH)

Abstract

Freezing of gait is a disabling symptom with a complex episodic nature that is frequently experienced by people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although China has the largest population with PD in the world, no Chinese version of the freezing of gait questionnaire (FOGQ), the instrument that has been most widely used to assess FOG, has yet been developed. This study aimed to translate and adapt the original version of FOGQ to create a Chinese version, the FOGQ-CH, then assess its reliability, calculate the Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) and investigate its validity. The forward-backwards translation model was adopted, and cultural adaptation included expert review and pretesting. For the reliability study, 31 Chinese native speaking patients with PD were assessed two times in a 7–10 days interval. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the FOGQ-CH were measured by Cronbach's alpha (Cα) and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). For the validity study, 34 native speakers of Chinese with PD were included. To explore the convergent validity, relationships between the FOGQ-CH and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part II (UPDRS II) and Part III (UPDRS III), Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT), Timed Up and Go Test in cognitive task (TUGT-Cog), walking speed (10 MWT speed), and step length (10 MWT step length) in a 10-m Walk Test were tested. To explore predictive validity, the number of falls followed up for 6 months were assessed. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was employed to test the capacity of FOGQ-CH to discriminate those with falls. From the reliability study, Cα = 0.823, ICC = 0.786. The MDC0.90 = 4.538. From the validity study, the FOGQ-CH showed moderate correlations with UPDRS II (rho = 0.560, p = 0.001), UPDRS III (rho = 0.451, p = 0.007), TUGT (rho = 0.556, p = 0.007), TUGT-Cog (rho = 0.557, p = 0.001), 10MWT-speed (rho = −0.478, p = 0.004), 10MWT-step length (rho = −0.419, p = 0.014), and the number of falls followed up for 6 months (rho = 0.356, p = 0.045). The AUC = 0.777 (p = 0.036) for predicting whether the participants will have multiple falls (two or more) in the following 6 months. The FOGQ-CH showed good reliability and validity for assessing Chinese native speaking patients with PD. In addition, the FOGQ-CH showed good efficacy for predicting multiple falls in the following 6 months.

Reliability and validity of the ankle inversion discrimination apparatus during walking in individuals with chronic ankle instability

“…ICC values of ≤0.50, 0.50–0.75, 0.75–0.9 and >0.90, were taken as representing poor, moderate, good and excellent reliability, respectively ( Koo and Li, 2016 ). The minimal detectable change (MDC 90 ) was calculated with obtained ICC values using the following formula ( Steffen and Seney, 2008 ; Hulzinga et al, 2020 ; Tao et al, 2021 ). The SEM employed was the standard error of the measurement, and s was the standard deviation of the measurements taken at the first time.…”

“…For assessing discriminant validity, an independent-groups t -test was used to test the difference in AIDAW scores between the CAI and the non-CAI groups. The cutoff score for discriminating between CAI and non-CAI individuals was calculated from the ROC curve, and the optimal cutoff score was calculated by the maximum value of Youden’s index ( Tao et al, 2021 ), which is the maximum difference between sensitivity and 1-specificity.…”

Association Between Mitochondrial Function and Rehabilitation of Parkinson's Disease: Revealed by Exosomal mRNA and lncRNA Expression Profiles

“…The assessments included motor function, cognitive function, quality of life, and neuropsychological symptoms necessary for the evaluation of PD motor and non-motor functions. The Movement Disorders Society–Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (MDS-UPDRS-III; Chung et al, 2020 ), the 10-m walk test (10MWT; Tao et al, 2021 ), the 6-min walk test (6MWT; Koyanagi et al, 2021 ), the Five Times Sit-to-Stand Test (FTSST; Duncan et al, 2011 ), the Timed Up-and-Go Test (TUG; Giardini et al, 2018 ), and the Mini Balance Evaluation System Test (Mini-BESTest; Conradsson et al, 2015 ) were used to assess walking and balance function. The Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE; Zhao et al, 2020 ) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Van Steenoven et al, 2014 ) were used to assess cognitive function.…”

Reliability and Validity of the Composite Activity-Related Fall Risk Scale

“…First, we used descriptive statistics to describe all quantitative data. Subsequently, we analyzed test-retest reliability in the older participant group using intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC(3,1)] with two-way mixed model, single measure type ( 18 ). We further calculated the difference and mean of the overall CARF scores at the two assessments and employed Bland Altman plots to evaluate the degree of agreement between the test scores of the two assessments.…”

“…The SDbaseline was the standard deviation of the overall CARF score at the first time. The %MDC (95) was further calculated by the formula: %MDC = MDC (95) /168 ×100% ( 18 ).…”