This
study embodies the development of a thermoresponsive nanostructured
antifouling membrane based on cross-linkable zwitterionic microgels
for tunable water filtration and molecular separation applications.
The zwitterionic vinylimidazole propane sultone (VIPS) comonomer was
synthesized by reacting vinylimidazole with 1,3-propane sultone. The
microgels were synthesized utilizing a one-step precipitation polymerization
approach by taking 10 and 20 wt % of the VIPS with N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAm), 2-aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA),
with the cross-linker N,N′-methylene
bis(acrylamide) (BIS) to produce MG-10 and 20, respectively. Various
chemical and morphological characterizations were carried out to establish
the synthesis and characteristics of microgels. Suction filtration
of a dilute MG-20 dispersion was used to construct cross-linked microgel
membranes of different thicknesses over a track-etched membrane support
in the next step. Surface and morphological analyses validate the
packed microgel layer formation. The constructed layer was temperature-switchable,
resulting in a twofold increase in water flux from room temperature
to 40 °C. The thin and closely packed microgel particles resulted
in a sub-2 nm surface pore size, allowing for strong rejection (>99%)
of small molecules. Because of the presence of VIPS, both of the microgels
displayed excellent anti(-bio)fouling properties against bacterial
and protein foulants. The surface demonstrated ultralow protein adsorption
and a high flux-recovery ratio (>90%), resulting in antifouling
performance.
The stability of the cross-linked robust microgel layer without any
leaching warrants dimensional stability and long-term permeability.
This smart gating membrane with improved anti(-bio)fouling activity
expands the scope of thermoresponsive microgel-based nanostructured
membranes and has significant potential in water purification and
molecular separation applications.