Transmission Loss Unbundling and Allocation Under Pool Electricity Markets

Transmission Loss Allocation Based on Circuit Theories and Orthogonal Projection

“…As the system losses can represent 5%-10% of the total generation, a quantity worth several million dollars per year, their fair allocation among generators and loads has an important impact on their benefits [1]. However, the problem of loss allocation is not trivial due to its nonlinearity, and it is still being explored and developed [4].…”

“…The above methods only achieve the allocation of total system losses. To realize the transparency and fairness of loss allocation, the losses at each branch should be unbundled [4], [14]. In [4] and [16], the losses at each branch are allocated to current injections by separating the losses in a natural way.…”

“…To realize the transparency and fairness of loss allocation, the losses at each branch should be unbundled [4], [14]. In [4] and [16], the losses at each branch are allocated to current injections by separating the losses in a natural way. A loss allocation procedure based on a modification of the bus admittance matrix is proposed in [17].…”

“…In the literature, one of the equivalence modes converts all generators and loads into current injections as in [1], [4], [15], [18], and [19]. But this equivalence mode fails when the bus admittance matrix is singular due to no shunt elements.…”

Power Flow Tracing with Consideration of the Electrical Distance

“…In [6], the concept of "center of losses" is applied to allocate losses to generations and loads with predefined loss proportion between them. Several circuitbased methods have been proposed in [7,8]. Those methods can integrate the network characteristics and circuit theories into flow and loss allocation, but they may produce negative loss allocation results.…”