Transmission of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus isolates carrying optrA and poxtA genes in slaughterhouses

Abstract

IntroductionThe presence of linezolid-resistant enterococci found in animal-derived food has attracted attention for possible transmission to human-derived enterococci through the food chain. Linezolid-resistant enterococci in farms have been widely reported, but enterococci carrying antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes poxtA, optrA, or cfr(D) in slaughterhouse environments have not been well addressed.MethodsEnterococcus was isolated from the samples collected from two slaughterhouses in Hangzhou, and the Enterococcus carrying linezolidin-resistant genes was identified by PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the Enterococcus carrying linezolidin-resistant genes was determined by microbroth dilution method. Finally, the whole genome of strains carrying two or more linezoline resistance genes was sequenced using the Oxford Nanopore TechnologyResultsHere, 291 enterococci strains were isolated from 309 samples (94.17%). A total of 4 poxtA-positive enterococci and 42 optrA-positive enterococci were identified based on PCR. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the highest rate of florfenicol resistance was 97.82% and the rate of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 95.65%. Two strains carried multiple linezolid resistance genes, among which Enterococcus casseliflavus CQFYY22-063 cocarrying optrA, poxtA, and cfr(D) was isolated from the duck cecum, and Enterococcus faecium CQFYH22-006 cocarrying optrA and poxtA was isolated from slaughterhouse sewage for the first time. Furthermore, Oxford Nanopore Technology revealed that the optrA gene of strain CQFYY22-063 was located on the Inc18-type plasmid pFYY063-optrA-70K, and the poxtA and cfr(D) genes were located on the Inc18-type plasmid pFYY063- poxtA-12K. Meanwhile, the poxtA gene of strain CQFYH22-006 was located on the Rep3-type plasmid pFYH006-poxtA-25K, and the optrA gene was located on the chromosome.DiscussionTogether, linezolid resistance in slaughterhouses deserves extensive attention, indicating the need to strengthen the monitoring of different links in the food production chain within the One Health concept.

Dissemination of Enterococcal Genetic Lineages: A One Health Perspective

“…However, the community's E. faecalis was mostly associated with healthcare sequence types, such as ST6, ST40, and ST116. Supporting the results by Elghaieb et al [143], Ni et al [144] recently isolated enterococci strains from pig carcasses and environmental samples in duck slaughterhouses in China. Approximately 11% of the isolates were resistant to linezolid, with a portion being poxtA-positive (1.7%) and optrA-positive (16.2%), demonstrating the widespread existence of oxazolidone resistance genes through the food chain to humans [144].…”

“…Supporting the results by Elghaieb et al [143], Ni et al [144] recently isolated enterococci strains from pig carcasses and environmental samples in duck slaughterhouses in China. Approximately 11% of the isolates were resistant to linezolid, with a portion being poxtA-positive (1.7%) and optrA-positive (16.2%), demonstrating the widespread existence of oxazolidone resistance genes through the food chain to humans [144]. The detection of the same linezolid-resistant enterococci in both food-producing animals and retail meat suggests a potential role of the food chain in the dissemination of this trait, even without selective pressure.…”