Transmission, Strain Diversity, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease

Pritzkow, Sandra

doi:10.3390/v14071390

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Estimates of the incubation period for CWD range from 16 months to as long as 4 years [ 2 , 10 ]. Even though CWD is always fatal, the clinical signs, such as regurgitation, aspiration pneumonia, ataxia, head tremors, and behavioural aberrations such as altered stance, increased or decreased flight distance, and lack of awareness, can take up to 2 years to develop following infection [ 10 , 11 ]. CWD is unusual in that cervids transmit the disease both directly and indirectly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine detection of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in laboratory and field settings

Mallikarjun

Swartz

Kane

et al. 2023

Prion

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Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal transmissible spongiform encephalopathy that affects both free-ranging and farmed cervid species, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, and elk ( Odocoileus hemionus, Odocoileus virginianus , and Cervus canadensis ). Due to the long incubation period and variability of clinical signs, CWD can expand and spread to new areas before they reach diagnostically detectable levels. Antemortem testing methods currently available can be difficult to obtain and to be applied to the large numbers required for adequate surveillance. However, key volatile biomarkers could be harnessed for non-invasive antemortem surveillance. Detection dogs are the most effective tool currently available for volatile detection; dogs can effectively complete wildlife surveys at rates surpassing that of humans. This study is the first to demonstrate that trained detection dogs can be used as an antemortem test for CWD. First, we trained three dogs to differentiate between CWD-positive and CWD-negative white-tailed deer faeces in a laboratory setting. Dogs spent significantly more time at the positive sample than the negative samples, suggesting that they differentiated between the positive and negative volatile signatures. We then trained the same dogs to search for CWD-positive faecal samples in a more naturalistic field setting. In the field, dogs found 8/11 CWD-positive samples and had an average false detection rate of 13%. These results suggest that dogs can be trained to differentiate CWD-positive faeces from CWD-negative faeces in both laboratory and field settings. Future studies will compare canine accuracy to other antemortem methods, as well as improved canine training methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine detection of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in laboratory and field settings

Mallikarjun

Swartz

Kane

et al. 2023

Prion

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“…this is a preexisting substrain present in the DY TME-infected brain homogenate with properties consistent with the selection criteria (i.e., relatively higher PrP Sc conformational stability) and not contamination (Table 2). Second and third serial hamster passage of the 4M DY TME CSSA material resulted in a shortening of the incubation period, maintenance of the clinical signs and PrP Sc electrophoretic mobility and 12B2 immunoreactivity (Table 2 and Fig 4). Interestingly, by third hamster passage the PrP Sc conformational stability was comparable to that of short incubation period strains in hamsters [37,38] (Table 2).…”

Section: Plos Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Prions can be zoonotic as evidenced by the interspecies transmission of BSE to humans resulting in the emergence of variant CJD [1,2,3]. CWD is an emerging prion disease that was first identified in Colorado in the 1960's and is currently found in 30 US states, 4 Canadian provinces, South Korea and has recently been identified in Norway, Sweden, and Finland [4,5,6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for preexisting prion substrain diversity in a biologically cloned prion strain

Gunnels,

Shikiya,

York

et al. 2023

PLoS Pathog

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Prion diseases are a group of inevitably fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting numerous mammalian species, including Sapiens. Prions are composed of PrPSc, the disease specific conformation of the host encoded prion protein. Prion strains are operationally defined as a heritable phenotype of disease under controlled transmission conditions. Treatment of rodents with anti-prion drugs results in the emergence of drug-resistant prion strains and suggest that prion strains are comprised of a dominant strain and substrains. While much experimental evidence is consistent with this hypothesis, direct observation of substrains has not been observed. Here we show that replication of the dominant strain is required for suppression of a substrain. Based on this observation we reasoned that selective reduction of the dominant strain may allow for emergence of substrains. Using a combination of biochemical methods to selectively reduce drowsy (DY) PrPSc from biologically-cloned DY transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)-infected brain resulted in the emergence of strains with different properties than DY TME. The selection methods did not occur during prion formation, suggesting the substrains identified preexisted in the DY TME-infected brain. We show that DY TME is biologically stable, even under conditions of serial passage at high titer that can lead to strain breakdown. Substrains therefore can exist under conditions where the dominant strain does not allow for substrain emergence suggesting that substrains are a common feature of prions. This observation has mechanistic implications for prion strain evolution, drug resistance and interspecies transmission.

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“…Recent studies by Refs. [ 55 , 56 ], advocated for intensive surveillance and testing in areas involving scrapie sites, food plots, and mineral licks. Techniques such as the protein-misfolding cyclic-amplification (PMCA) assay and real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) have been identified as promising methods for prion detection in the environment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Where we stand on chronic wasting disease: A systematic literature review of its prevalence patterns, impacts, and management interventions

Bhattarai,

Grala,

Poudyal

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Transmission, Strain Diversity, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease

Cited by 10 publications

References 146 publications

Canine detection of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in laboratory and field settings

Canine detection of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in laboratory and field settings

Evidence for preexisting prion substrain diversity in a biologically cloned prion strain

Where we stand on chronic wasting disease: A systematic literature review of its prevalence patterns, impacts, and management interventions

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