Transmitter systems involved in neural plasticity undelying increased anxiety and defense— Implications for understanding anxiety following traumatic stress

Adamec, Robert E.

doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(96)00055-3

Cited by 201 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…In keeping with the work of Blanchard et al (1990Blanchard et al ( , 1998Blanchard et al ( , 1993, Shalev (2000), Adamec (1997), Adamec R et al (1998), Adamec RE et al (1999, 1997, and our own previous studies (Cohen et al (2000(Cohen et al ( , 1996(Cohen et al ( , 2003(Cohen et al ( , 1999, the observed behaviours at this time point are considered to reflect relatively long-term and persistent changes. Since it has as yet not been possible to design an animal model for the intrusive cluster of symptoms, changes such as these, which persist over the space of a week or more, are considered a fair representation of PTSDlike symptoms in terms of animal models.…”

Section: Behavioral Assessments For Determination Of Cbcsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Over the past decades, a variety of animal models have been put forward as being valid for the study of stress and anxiety, and of their chronic or long-term effects, such as inescapable electric (foot) shock (Pynoos et al, 1996;Servatius et al, 1995), social confrontations (Stam et al, 2000), underwater trauma (Richter-Levin, 1998;Wang et al, 2000), and exposure to a predator (Adamec, 1997;Adamec R et al, 1998;Adamec RE et al, 1999;Adamec and Shallow 1993;Adamec RE et al, 1997;Cohen et al, 2000;Cohen et al, 1996;Cohen et al, 2003;Cohen et al, 1999). Various behavioral tests and biophysiologic measures have been performed ensuing the exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Setting Apart the Affected: The Use of Behavioral Criteria in Animal Models of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Cohen

Zohar

Matar

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

235

142

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects about 20-30% of exposed individuals. Clinical studies of PTSD generally employ stringent criteria for inclusion in study populations, and yet in animal studies the data collection and analysis are generally expressed as a function of exposed vs nonexposed populations, regardless of individual variation in response. Prior data support an approach to animal models analogous to inclusion criteria in clinical studies. This series of studies sought to assess prevalence rates of maladaptive vs adaptive responses determined according to a more stringent approach to the concept of inclusion/exclusion criteria (cutoff behavioral criteriaFCBC), consisting of two successive behavioral tests (elevated plus maze and acoustic startle response tests). The rats were exposed to stressors in two different paradigms; exposure to a predator and underwater trauma. The prevalence rates of maladaptive responses to stress in these two distinct models dropped over time from 90% in the acute phase to 25% enduring/maladaptive response at 7 days, to remain constant over 30 days. As setting the affected individuals apart from the unaffected approximates clinical studies, it might also help to clarify some of the pending issues in PTSD research.

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Section: Behavioral Assessments For Determination Of Cbcsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting Apart the Affected: The Use of Behavioral Criteria in Animal Models of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Cohen

Zohar

Matar

et al. 2004

Neuropsychopharmacol

235

142

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The assessment of rats seven days postexposure has previously been established by Adamec (1997), and has been shown to refer to long-term PTSD-like behaviors. Our previous results have repeatedly shown that as of day 7, the prevalence rate of EBR remains constant at about 25% until day 30.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous results have repeatedly shown that as of day 7, the prevalence rate of EBR remains constant at about 25% until day 30. The DSM-IV defines PTSD as lasting more than a month after the exposure and thus the persistence of anxiety symptoms on day 7 after exposure may be taken to fulfill the time criterion of PTSD in rodents (Adamec, 1997).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Early Poststressor Intervention with Sertraline on Behavioral Responses in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Matar

Cohen

Kaplan

et al. 2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Whereas several well-controlled studies have established the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the recommended firstline pharmacotherapeutic agents for acute and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drug interventions in the acute postexposure phase have not been studied to the same extent and tend to be largely speculative. This study employed an animal model which assesses prevalence of individual stress-response behavior patterns in order to assess the short-term effects of a brief treatment regimen with an SSRI (sertraline) administered immediately after stress-exposure, with those of an identical delayed regimen and of saline. Prevalence rates of rats displaying extreme anxiety-like behavioral responses to predator stress, compared to partial and minimal responses, were assessed in the elevated plus maze and startle response paradigms, with and without intraperitoneal administration of sertraline for 7 days immediately postexposure, or 7 days after exposure. Immediate postexposure administration of sertraline reduced anxiety-like and avoidant behavior, decreased hyperarousal responses and diminished the overall incidence of extreme (PTSD-like) behavioral responses, compared to the delayed treatment regimen and to saline controls. Brief immediate poststress exposure treatment with sertraline reduced prevalence rates of extreme behavioral disruption in the short-term. SSRI drugs are thus worthy of further investigation as agents of secondary prevention in the acute aftermath of stress-exposure.

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“…95 Among proposed models for PTSD, those based on predator exposure have been widely used because they can mimic several symptoms of the disorder, such as hyperarousal and chronic generalized anxiety. [96][97][98] The anxiogenic effects of this procedure are long-lasting, persisting for at least 3 weeks, and reflect the non-associative sensitized fearful manifestations that are observed in PTSD patients. 95 For example, in rats, a single cat exposure modifies the function of brain areas (such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus) that have been associated with the genesis of PTSD symptoms in humans.…”

Section: Predator Encounter-based Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal models of anxiety disorders and stress

Campos

Fogaça

Aguiar

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

378

246

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Anxiety and stress-related disorders are severe psychiatric conditions that affect performance in daily tasks and represent a high cost to public health. The initial observation of Charles Darwin that animals and human beings share similar characteristics in the expression of emotion raise the possibility of studying the mechanisms of psychiatric disorders in other mammals (mainly rodents). The development of animal models of anxiety and stress has helped to identify the pharmacological mechanisms and potential clinical effects of several drugs. Animal models of anxiety are based on conflict situations that can generate opposite motivational states induced by approach-avoidance situations. The present review revisited the main rodent models of anxiety and stress responses used worldwide. Here we defined as ''ethological'' the tests that assess unlearned/unpunished responses (such as the elevated plus maze, light-dark box, and open field), whereas models that involve learned/ punished responses are referred to as ''conditioned operant conflict tests'' (such as the Vogel conflict test). We also discussed models that involve mainly classical conditioning tests (fear conditioning). Finally, we addressed the main protocols used to induce stress responses in rodents, including psychosocial (social defeat and neonatal isolation stress), physical (restraint stress), and chronic unpredictable stress.

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Transmitter systems involved in neural plasticity undelying increased anxiety and defense— Implications for understanding anxiety following traumatic stress

Cited by 201 publications

References 62 publications

Setting Apart the Affected: The Use of Behavioral Criteria in Animal Models of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Setting Apart the Affected: The Use of Behavioral Criteria in Animal Models of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

The Effect of Early Poststressor Intervention with Sertraline on Behavioral Responses in an Animal Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Animal models of anxiety disorders and stress

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