Transparent wood containing Cs<sub>x</sub>WO<sub>3</sub>nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications

Yu, Ziya; Yao, Yongji; Yao, Jianing; Zhang, Hongjie; Chen, Zhang; Gao, Yanfeng; Luo, Hongjie

doi:10.1039/c7ta00261k

Cited by 216 publications

(175 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…[20] Briefly,t he wood templates were treated under the same delignification conditions for 18 hf irst, then the delignification templates were three-times vacuum-impregnated with prepolymerized MMA for 30 min to ensure that the templates were fully impregnated. The treated wood fibers were placed in ag lass mold to fabricate the transparent fiber wood by heating at 60 8Cf or 8h.P repolymerized at 80 8Cf or 15 min, the MMA monomer,w ith 0.3 wt %2 ,2'-azobis, was used as an initiator.T ot erminate the reaction, an ice-water bath was used to cool the prepolymerized MMA to room temperature.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Transparent Fiber Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[20] Thick or large-size transparent wood is highly desirable for practical applications.I np revious studies, however, the reported transparent wood samples were smalla nd of low thickness. [20] Thick or large-size transparent wood is highly desirable for practical applications.I np revious studies, however, the reported transparent wood samples were smalla nd of low thickness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The large-size transparent woodw as obtained by infiltrating the prepolymerized methyl methacrylate( MMA) solution into delignified wood fibers rather than the intact wood template. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The large-size transparent woodw as obtained by infiltrating the prepolymerized methyl methacrylate( MMA) solution into delignified wood fibers rather than the intact wood template.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large‐Size Transparent Wood for Energy‐Saving Building Applications

et al. 2018

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As an energy‐saving building material, transparent wood (TW) is highly attractive because of the advantages of high optical transmittance, excellent mechanical properties, and good thermal insulation. However, the current research is limited to fabricating small‐size samples in the laboratory because thick or large‐size transparent wood is almost impossible to be achieved. A method that can easily and efficiently produce transparent wood with any size and any thickness is desirable for practical applications. Transparent wood made from wood fibers as a substrate allows the cell walls to bind more tightly to the impregnated polymer, resulting in high light transmittance. Compared with wood prepared by using previously reported approaches, the transparent wood prepared by this new method not only retains the same advantages but also has higher preparation efficiency and is suitable for large‐scale production. Under a simulated real environment, the retainability of indoor temperature by a sample house utilizing the transparent wood reveals excellent thermal insulation of the fiber‐based transparent wood owing to its low thermal conductivity, showing significant benefits in saving thermal energy.

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Section: Fabrication Of Transparent Fiber Woodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large‐Size Transparent Wood for Energy‐Saving Building Applications

et al. 2018

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“…It was initially demonstrated by Fink in 1992 [3] for investigation of internal structure of wood species. However during recent years, the interest toward TW was significantly renewed in several research areas: material science designing multifunctional wood composites, [2,[4][5][6] energy saving technology focused on application of TW in solar cells, [7] and photonics dealing with light sources based on TW with additives. [8,9] Natural wood consists of three main components which have different refractive indices: cellulose (1.525 with light propagating www.advopticalmat.de through the material, haze is important to characterize scattering properties of medium in terms of image content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light Scattering by Structurally Anisotropic Media: A Benchmark with Transparent Wood

Vasileva

Chen

et al. 2018

Advanced Optical Materials

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perpendicularly to the cellulose fibers, and 1.596 along with the fibers), hemicellulose (1.532), and lignin (1.61). [3] While holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose) is optically colorless, lignin is the main source of absorption (about 80-95% of wood light absorption) in the visible range. [10] Thus, lignin removing [11] or deactivating the chromophores inside lignin is required to make wood transparent. [12] Although major part of lignin is removed during chemical modification, some residual amount (1-3%) still remains in the wood [11] introducing minor absorption. A delignified wood (Figure 1a) is not yet transparent due to strong scattering of light, which occurs on the interfaces between the material structural components and air-filled voids between/within them. To minimize such scattering, the delignified template is infiltrated with a polymer of refractive index approximately matching the wood compounds. In several previous studies, polymerized methyl methacrylate (PMMA) whose refractive index is close to the average refractive index of delignified wood template (≈1.53) [11] was implemented. However, there always exists minor refractive index mismatch between the wood components and infiltrated polymer that leads to the light scattering. Moreover, as a consequence of mesoporous hierarchical structure of a wood template [13] with feature sizes scaling from micrometers-cellulose fibers, vessels, rays [14] (schematically presented in Figure 1b) down to nanometers (nanofibrils), [1,15] polymer infiltration process is not perfect, e.g., due to surface compatibility issues. This leads to formation of structural air-filled voids in the walls of the cellulose fibers consisting of nanofibrils (Figure 1c). It should be noted that additional airfilled voids can also be created via polymer shrinkage during polymerization [16] (Figure 1c). Hence, scattering in TW is caused by several factors: minor mismatch of the refractive indices between the delignified wood template and infiltrated polymer, multiscale porous hierarchical structure of the wood consisting of macro-, meso-, and nanopores, and presence of air-filled voids. Thus, despite relatively high optical transmittance, TW is, in fact, an optically anisotropic scattering medium.Traditionally optical properties of TW have been characterized via measuring the light total hemispherical luminous transmittance (referred as transmittance in the literature about TW) and haze. [11,17] While transmittance describes optical losses of a material, i.e., the fraction of the optical energy flux passing Transparent wood (TW) is a biocomposite material with hierarchical structure, which exhibits high optical transmittance and anisotropic light scattering. Here, the relation between anisotropic scattering and the internal structure of transparent wood is experimentally studied and the dependence of scattering anisotropy on material thickness, which characterizes the fraction of ballistic photons in the propagating light, is shown. The limitations of the conventional haze, as...

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“…For an enhancement of the pore volume present in these structures chemical delignification processes adapted from pulp and paper industry are a promising approach. Rather recently, this concept was applied with subsequent delignification and functionalization for the development of transparent wood [15,16,17]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Wood Derived Hierarchical Cellulose Scaffolds for Multifunctional Applications

et al. 2018

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Functional materials of high porosity and hierarchical structure, based on renewable building blocks, are highly demanded for material applications. In this regard, substantial progress has been made by functionalizing micro- and nano-sized cellulose followed by its reassembly via bottom-up approaches. However, bottom-up assembly processes are still limited in terms of upscaling and the utilization of these building blocks presupposes the disassembly of the plant feedstock inherit hierarchical cellulose scaffold. To maintain the three-dimensional structure, delignification processes from pulp and paper production were recently adapted for the treatment of bulk wood. Yet, a detailed chemical analysis and the determination of macroscopic swelling/shrinkage parameters for the scaffolds, necessary for a systematic design of cellulose scaffold based materials, are still missing. Here, acidic bleaching and soda pulping were used for producing cellulose scaffolds, for functional materials under retention of their inherent hierarchical structure. Spatially resolved chemical investigations on thin sections by Raman microscopy provided detailed information on the induced alterations at the cell wall level, revealing significant differences in dependence of the chemistry of the pre-treatment. An adaption to bulk wood samples proved the applicability of these treatments at larger scales and volumetric alterations at different atmospheric conditions indicated the effect of the altered porosity of the scaffolds on their hygroscopic behaviour.

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Transparent wood containing Cs_xWO₃nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications

Abstract: A type of functionalized nanoparticles filled transparent wood composite for heat-shielding-window applications.

Cited by 216 publications

References 27 publications

Large‐Size Transparent Wood for Energy‐Saving Building Applications

Large‐Size Transparent Wood for Energy‐Saving Building Applications

Light Scattering by Structurally Anisotropic Media: A Benchmark with Transparent Wood

Characterization of Wood Derived Hierarchical Cellulose Scaffolds for Multifunctional Applications

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Transparent wood containing CsxWO3nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications

Abstract: A type of functionalized nanoparticles filled transparent wood composite for heat-shielding-window applications.

Cited by 216 publications

References 27 publications

Large‐Size Transparent Wood for Energy‐Saving Building Applications

Large‐Size Transparent Wood for Energy‐Saving Building Applications

Light Scattering by Structurally Anisotropic Media: A Benchmark with Transparent Wood

Characterization of Wood Derived Hierarchical Cellulose Scaffolds for Multifunctional Applications

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Transparent wood containing Cs_xWO₃nanoparticles for heat-shielding window applications