Transpeople, Transprejudice and Pathologization: A Seven-Country Factor Analytic Study

Winter, Sam; Chalungsooth, Pornthip; Teh, Yik Koon; Rojanalert, Nongnuch; Maneerat, Kulthida; Wong, Ying Wuen; Beaumont, Anne; Ho, Loretta Man Wah; Gomez, Francis “Chuck”; Macapagal, Raymond Aquino

doi:10.1080/19317610902922537

Cited by 87 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Davies and Hudson [12] compared attitudes of heterosexual men and women when considering rape of men and transgender people; they found that men blamed the transgender victims more, and considered rape of a transgender person less severe. Transphobia is also highly correlated with homophobia [42,52], and males tend to also be more homophobic than females [25,31,32,42,57].…”

Section: Transphobia In Malesmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The presence of a transgender person in a public bathroom that matches their gender identity may be viewed as crossing a societal boundary, and can cause other & Rebecca J. Stones rebecca.stones82@gmail.com bathroom users to question which other boundaries that transgender person might cross, raising questions of safety and privacy. Other bathroom users, particularly those unfamiliar with transgender people, might question or protest a transgender person's presence in the bathroom, possibly arguing that they're not really the gender they claim to be [5,17,57] or that transgender people are inherently unsafe [46]. Security or the police might be contacted, or a transgender person might be accosted by members of the public in the vicinity [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Which Gender is More Concerned About Transgender Women in Female Bathrooms?

Stones

2016

Gend. Issues

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We enumerate 1035 user comments from 190 online articles to gauge public opinion about safety and privacy when transgender women use female bathrooms. In these comments, we find that cisgender males are around 1.559 as likely to express concern about safety and privacy as cisgender females. Moreover, we find that when expressing concern (a) cisgender females are around 49 as likely as cisgender males to assert that transgender women do not directly cause their safety and privacy concerns, typically emphasizing their concerns are about 'perverts' posing as transgender females, and (b) cisgender males are around 1.59 as likely as cisgender females to assert that transgender females directly cause their safety and privacy concerns. We theorize that the heightened concern seen in males in these comments stems from them being more likely to view transgender females not as females, but as males who are lying or mistaken about their gender, and consequently they view themselves as protecting females from these males intruding into private, female-only spaces. This may be further exacerbated by a fear of deception and a belief that transgender people are mentally ill or 'sick'.

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Section: Transphobia In Malesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Gender is More Concerned About Transgender Women in Female Bathrooms?

Stones

2016

Gend. Issues

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“…Interview and survey studies reveal that transgender people themselves perceive high rates of serious manifestations of GIB, including employment discrimination and interpersonal rejection and harassment in the workplace (e.g., Budge et al, ; Dietert & Dentice, ; Grant et al, ; Grossman & D'Augelli, ; Lombardi, ; Nemoto, Bödeker, & Iwamoto, ; Whittle, Turner, Al‐Alami, Rundall, & Thom, ). Correlational studies have used self‐report measures to assess the general public's attitudes toward the transgender community as a group (e.g., Case & Stewart, ; Gazzola & Morrison, ; Hill & Willoughby, ; Landén & Innala, ; Norton & Herek, ; Winter et al, ). For example, a large survey ( N = 2,281) revealed that heterosexual U.S. adults’ attitudes toward transgender people were significantly more negative than their attitudes toward homosexual and bisexual people (Norton & Herek, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a large survey ( N = 2,281) revealed that heterosexual U.S. adults’ attitudes toward transgender people were significantly more negative than their attitudes toward homosexual and bisexual people (Norton & Herek, ). Similarly, a survey of undergraduate students in seven countries revealed strongly negative attitudes toward transgender women, and these attitudes were driven by the belief that transgender women were mentally ill (Winter et al, ). While these studies suggest that GIB is pervasive, their correlational design precludes drawing definitive conclusions about the causes of bias experienced by the transgender community.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing gender identity bias through imagined intergroup contact

Moss‐Racusin

Rabasco

2018

J Applied Social Pyschol

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Transgender individuals face high levels of stereotyping, prejudice, discrimination, and violence. However, there is a paucity of research (particularly experimental work) investigating the magnitude of gender identity bias (GIB) targeting transgender individuals, as well as interventions designed to ameliorate it. To address this gap, we conducted experimental investigations of reactions to identical, highly qualified men or women job applicants described as either transgender or cisgender (Experiments 1a, 1b), and tested the efficacy of an imagined intergroup contact (IIC) intervention (relative to a control condition) in ameliorating GIB against transgender women (Experiment 2). As expected, all applicants were perceived as equally highly competent, adding to the literature suggesting that clearly demonstrating excellent qualifications can prevent biased judgments of candidate competence. However, revealing GIB, transgender men and women were rated as less likeable and hirable than the identical cisgender applicants, despite the fact that they were viewed as equally competent (Experiments 1a, 1b). Providing additional evidence of GIB, in the absence of IIC, participants rated a transgender female applicant as less likeable and hirable than the identical cisgender applicant, and also reported less self‐other overlap and perspective taking for the transgender applicant (Experiment 2). However, these target gender identity differences were reduced (for likeability) or fully eliminated (for the remaining outcomes) in the IIC condition. Put another way, while reactions to the cisgender applicant were unaffected by intervention condition, IIC elevated perceptions of the transgender applicant, suggesting that it may function as an effective GIB intervention.

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“…Research in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Asia has shown that the belief that trans people are mentally ill is the most powerful underlying factor linked to transprejudice [76]. At this point in time, the World Health Organisation is in a position to make a real difference to the lives of trans people, not only in terms of care and treatment, but also in terms of their happiness and human rights.…”

Section: The Only Ethical Way Ahead: Complete Removal From the Icd-11mentioning

confidence: 99%