Transplantation of a time-signal in honeybees

Circadian locomotor rhythms in individual honeybees

“…It has recently been suggested (Lindauer, 1977;Martin et al, 1978Martin et al, , 1983) that the learned foraging rhythm of honeybees is not endogenously controlled but driven externally via diurnal variations in the earth's magnetic field. This view is contradictory to past research indicating that the honeybee time-sense is dependent upon an endogenous circadian oscillator: bees trained to a food source at a particular time of day return to the food source at circadian intervals in a constant condition room despite being transported over several time zones (Renner, 1955(Renner, , 1957; under LL conditions the foraging rhythm free-runs with a period of approximately 23.4 h (Beier, 1968;Beier & Lindauer, 1970); the rhythm phaseshifts with transient cycles according to the duration and magnitude of LD cycle phase shifts (Beier, 1968); and the foraging rhythm exhibits a range of entrainment to light cycles with periods from 20 to 26 h (Beier, 1968).…”

The Influence of Time of Day on the Foraging Behavior of the Honeybee, Apis mellifera

“…Comparisons of relative accuracy between experiments, where appropriate, were made using a chi-square analysis. Previous authors have judged the accuracy of foraging behavior by the location of the visitation peak with resect to the training time (e.g., Renner, 1959;Beier, 1970;Beier and Lindauer, 1970) or by qualitative comparisons (e.g., Martin et al, 1978;Martin and Martin, 1987). Most recently, Frisch and Aschoff (1987) were able to compute the phase angle difference between activity onset and the time of food presentation under constant-light (LL) conditions, basing activity onset on a measure of activity above mean levels.…”

“…The use of 5-min intervals represented a significant increase in temporal resolution over previously published work. For example, the classical studies of Beling (1929) and Wahl (1932) used 30-min sampling intervals and relatively small numbers of trained bees; more recently, Martin et al (1978) used 15-min intervals and larger numbers of bees. In the present study, those arrivals occurring within the training time, as well as the 1-hr period immediately prior to it, were considered to be accurate, whereas all other arrivals were designated as inaccurate (Moore and Rankin, 1983).…”

Shareholder Power as an Accountability Mechanism: The 2017 Shareholder Rights Directive and the Challenges Towards Enhancing Shareholder Rights

“…131 The share value does not relatively make shareholders to keep the management accountable for the company's performance or to uphold good governance practices, but compels them to act based on what is expected in terms of value to them on the belief that value is representative of such performance or good governance practices. 132 Given however that the difference between what is considered short-term or medium to long-term value will be often thin; and the fact that information provided in the market bears the possibility to be inaccurate; shareholder power exercised on an objective based on value performance may not achieve the responsibility required by the Directive in exercising shareholder rights responsibly to confer accountability, as the corporate objective shareholder power is sought to be exercised primarily sees towards the share's best expectation of value performance rather than correcting actual governance practices.…”