Transplantation of Articular Cartilage Following a Step-Cooling Cryopreservation Protocol

Comparison of High Cryoprotectant Concentrations for Cryopreservation of Porcine Articular Cartilage

“…Studies on intact ovine AC utilizing slow-cooling techniques with a low concentration of cryoprotectant [1 M dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO)] (two-staged 4 and stepped 5 cooling) have demonstrated up to 60% intact cell recovery using membrane integrity stains. 4,5 However, even with this relatively high recovery rate, long-term transplantation results have demonstrated significant deterioration 1 year after transplantation. 5,6 It is likely that the matrix damage that occurs with ice formation is irreparable by the remaining intact cells.…”

“…4,5 However, even with this relatively high recovery rate, long-term transplantation results have demonstrated significant deterioration 1 year after transplantation. 5,6 It is likely that the matrix damage that occurs with ice formation is irreparable by the remaining intact cells. An alternative to this is vitrification, which avoids ice formation and may leave the matrix relatively intact.…”

MR spectroscopy measurement of the diffusion of dimethyl sulfoxide in articular cartilage and comparison to theoretical predictions

“…The second factors in Eqs. (2) and (3) represent the relative resonance frequencies, or equivalently, phases of the water and DMSO signals at each time point. The third factor expresses the decay of the signal over time.…”

“…(2) and (3): N water , N DMSO , u water , u DMSO , T * 2 water and T * 2 DMSO . Sampling the total signal S total after excitation at 128 times (t i ) provides sufficient data for determination of the six aforementioned unknowns.…”

The cryopreservation of composite tissues

“…Chondrocyte damage tended not to heal and evolved towards definitive necrosis. 69 Cryopreservation studies done on chondrocytes reveal the fragility of chondrocytes to the freezing procedure. 70 Indeed, even if the rate of chondrocyte survival is greater in the presence of a cryoprotector (10% DMSO), it remains insufficient.…”