“…In the past, many studies have been carried out in order to understand the steel flows in SENs under various conditions and to further improve the bulk flow pattern in the mold. Specifically, the effects of the nozzle type (straight or bifurcated), [1,2] SEN port design (number, shape, angle, thickness), [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] argon injection in SENs, [5,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] SEN immersion depth, [6,13] slide gate position, [5] and nozzle clogging [17,22] on the steel flows have been investigated. These studies improved the understanding of the steel flow characteristics in SENs which contributed to the steel flow optimization.…”