Transport Processes and the Mechanism of Pitting of Metals

Galvele, J.R.

doi:10.1149/1.2132857

Cited by 782 publications

(507 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These numerical models can be divided according to the method in which a moving interface is incorporated in their models. Several steady state 9,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18] and transient state [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] models have been developed over the years that did not allow for changes in the shape and dimensions of the pits/crevices as corrosion proceeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-field model of pitting corrosion kinetics in metallic materials

Ansari

Xiao

et al. 2018

npj Comput Mater

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Pitting corrosion is one of the most destructive forms of corrosion that can lead to catastrophic failure of structures. This study presents a thermodynamically consistent phase field model for the quantitative prediction of the pitting corrosion kinetics in metallic materials. An order parameter is introduced to represent the local physical state of the metal within a metal-electrolyte system. The free energy of the system is described in terms of its metal ion concentration and the order parameter. Both the ion transport in the electrolyte and the electrochemical reactions at the electrolyte/metal interface are explicitly taken into consideration. The temporal evolution of ion concentration profile and the order parameter field is driven by the reduction in the total free energy of the system and is obtained by numerically solving the governing equations. A calibration study is performed to couple the kinetic interface parameter with the corrosion current density to obtain a direct relationship between overpotential and the kinetic interface parameter. The phase field model is validated against the experimental results, and several examples are presented for applications of the phase-field model to understand the corrosion behavior of closely located pits, stressed material, ceramic particles-reinforced steel, and their crystallographic orientation dependence. INTRODUCTIONCorrosion is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metallic materials) via chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment. It costs about 3.1% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the United States, which is much more than the cost of all natural disasters combined. Localized corrosion, such as pitting corrosion, is one of the most destructive forms of corrosion; it leads to the catastrophic failure of structures and raises both human safety and financial concerns. 1-3 Pitting corrosion of stainless steel usually occurs in two different stages: (1) pit initiation from passive film breakage 4-6 and (2) pit growth. 2,3,[7][8][9][10][11][12] In this study, we focused on the development of a phase-field modeling capability to study pit growth by considering both anodic and cathodic reactions.In the past few decades, great efforts have been made to develop numerical models for pitting corrosion. The moving interface and the electrical double layer at the metal/electrolyte interface are the two challenging problems faced by most of these numerical models. These numerical models can be divided according to the method in which a moving interface is incorporated in their models. Several steady state 9,10,13-18 and transient state 19-28 models have been developed over the years that did not allow for changes in the shape and dimensions of the pits/crevices as corrosion proceeds.Recent advances in numerical techniques, such as the finite element method, the finite volume method, the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method, the mesh-free method, and the level set method have encouraged researchers to model the evolving morphology...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phase-field model of pitting corrosion kinetics in metallic materials

Ansari

Xiao

et al. 2018

npj Comput Mater

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“…La ruptura de la pelí-cula ocurre en ese caso cuando dicho anión alcanza la interfase óxido/metal constituyéndose en el primer paso para que la corrosión localizada tenga lugar. Gavele [9] planteó que es necesario mantener el transporte de iones cloruro desde el electrolito para que la propagación del picado continúe.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Evaluación de la susceptibilidad a la corrosión por picado del acero API 5L x42 expuesto a un ambiente con cloruros y CO<sub>2</sub> mediante la técnica de ruido electroquímico

Ballesteros¹,

Rodríguez-Vanegas²,

Antelíz³

et al. 2011

REVMETAL

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Las líneas de producción y transporte en la industria del petróleo y del gas presentan muchos problemas debidos a la corrosión, siendo la corrosión por picado una de las más severas e importantes. Los ductos y tuberías de estas líneas son comúnmente construidas con aceros de baja aleación, como el acero API 5L X42, los cuales se ven afectados por las condiciones de servicio presentes en los fluidos transportados tales como la concentración de iones cloruros [Cl -], el pH y la presión parcial de CO 2 [1] . Evaluación de la susceptibilidad a la corrosión por picado del acero api 5l x42 expuesto a un ambiente con cloruros y CO 2 mediante la técnica de ruido electroquímico (•)D. Peña-Ballesteros*, N. Rodríguez-Vanegas*, C. Antelíz* y H. Sarmiento-Klapper** ResumenLa concentración de iones cloruro y la presión parcial de CO 2, tienen un papel importante en el proceso de degradación de los aceros de bajo carbono empleados en la construcción de líneas de transporte en industrias petroleras. Con el fin de evaluar la susceptibilidad del acero al carbono API 5L X42 a la corrosión por picado, se realizaron medidas de ruido electroquímico y resistencia a la polarización lineal en soluciones acuosas de iones cloruro con concentraciones entre 10.000 y 18.000 ppm, variando la presión parcial de CO 2 entre 10 psi y 18 psi. Los resultados indican que la formación de una capa protectora, constituida principalmente por FeCO 3 , depende de la presión parcial de CO 2 del sistema. No obstante, la estabilidad de dicha capa es afectada significativamente por el aumento de la concentración de iones cloruro, que producen fenómenos de corrosión localizada en algunas áreas de la superficie del acero API 5L X42, los cuales fueron detectados por la técnica de ruido electroquímico. palabras claveAcero al carbono; Corrosión por picado; Ruido electroquímico; Corrosión por CO 2Evaluation of the susceptibility to pitting corrosion of steel api 5l x42 exposed to solutions containing chloride ions and CO 2 by electrochemical noise measurements abstractThe concentration of chloride ions and the partial pressure of CO 2 play an important role in the degradation of low-carbon steels used for the construction of pipelines in oil and gas industry. In order to evaluate the susceptibility of carbon steel API 5L X42 to pitting corrosion electrochemical noise and linear polarization resistance measurements were carried out in aqueous solutions containing chloride ions and CO 2 . The concentration of chloride ions was varied between, 10000 and 18000 ppm, and the CO 2 partial pressure between 10 psi and 18 psi. Experimental results pointed out that the formation of protective layer, consisting mainly of FeCO 3 , depends on the partial pressure of CO 2 in the system. Nevertheless, the stability of this layer was considerably affected by increasing the concentration of chloride ions causing that localized corrosion has taken place in some areas of the surface of API 5L X42, which were detected by electrochemical noise echnique.

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“…This is due to its low solubility and hence ability to form constituent particles such as Al 3 Fe, which are cathodic as hydrogen ions are plentiful to the Al matrix. Additionally, iron can sustain chemical reactions more efficiently than Al [16]. In more complex alloys, Fe can also combine with other alloying elements such as Ni (Alloy 3), which is also a major issue for corrosion since the combination of Fe and Ni provides its greater efficiency [17].…”

Section: Gravimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%