Transportation of Animal: Process, Challange and the Effect on Small Ruminant

Abstract

<p>Livestock transportation is carried out to fullfill the need for consumption as well as for raising the livestock in other areas. The regulation of livestock transportation are not well implemented, and far from the ideal way of livestock transportation, such as the aspects of animal welfare. This paper aims is to describe the transportation process, challenge and its effects on small ruminants. The process of transporting livestock is carried out by preparing thye animal that are going to be transported, and the means of transportation used. Travel distance and road infrastructure conditions provide an affordable connection for the transportation of livestock. Long distances and poor infrastructure conditions can cause stresproblems to livestock transportation. Livestock becomes stres and cortisol levels increased in the blood and physiological responses were affected due to transportation. The Goat Research Institute designed a cage in a truck to transport goats and logistical needs during the trip by land and sea routes and has been used in the distribution of goats. The journey took 1 to 16 days with average goat mortality rate was about 0.3%. Severe impacts during the trip can be overcome by transporting goats with attention to the transportation system and to ensure the welfare of animals during the trip.</p>

Cattle Transport Drivers Clustering using PCA and K-Means Algorithm

“…From the data we have collected, we selected and the results are, see Table 3. ), second we transform the data type, for data whose string type is changed to numeric, The result is, education / x1 (ELEMENTARY, JUNIOR HIGH, HIGH SCHOOL, S1) changed to numerical data of ordinal type (1,2,3,4), age /x2 was grouped into (<=25 years <-> "young", >25 years to < = 35 years <-> "medium", > 35 years <-> "old") from the grouping was changed later to numerical data with ordinal type (1,2,3), work experience / x3 was grouped into (0 to 1 year "New", >1 to <= 5 "moderate" years, and > 5 years, is experienced) the grouping results are changed into numerical form with ordinal type (1,2,3), sex/x4 (L/P) to (1,2). The results of user ratings are averaged to (leadership / x5, discipline / x6 and knowledge / x7), for training / x8 in the group to (0 = "no" and 1 = "yes"), knowledge of the average speed of the car when traveling / x9 and knowledge of vehicle conditions / x10 in the group to (0 = "do not know," 1 = " know), the results of the transformation into crisp values can be seen in Table 4.…”

“…Cattle logistics affects the condition of cows both before departure, during the trip, and when arriving at the destination. According to [1] in [2] there are three factors that affect the condition of cows during a trip: physiological stress, thermal pressure, and pressure on cattle [2].…”

Performance of Earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus) During Different Transportation Durations

“…Often, animals are transported without considering the appropriate carrying capacity and its effects on the animals (Gopar et al 2020). Livestock transportation, whether short or long distances, affected the condition of the animals before transportation, during the journey, and when the animals are unloaded from the mode of transport (Trisiana et al 2021). The three main factors in the transportation process that affected the condition of the animals were physiological stress, thermal stress, and physical condition stress of the animals (Fisher et al 2009).…”