Transportin-SR Is Required for Proper Splicing of Resistance Genes and Plant Immunity

Xu, Shaohua; Zhang, Zhibin; Jing, Beibei; Gannon, Patrick J.; Ding, Jinmei; Xu, Fang; Li, Xin; Zhang, Yuelin

doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002159

Cited by 96 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Furthermore, mos12-1 decreases the intron retention splice isoforms of SR1/ SRp34 and JAZ2 (see below), suggesting a specificity of MOS12 for splicing of distinct transcripts (Xu et al, 2012a). Impaired AS of SNC1 and RPS4 as well as enhanced pathogen susceptibility is also observed in mos14 mutants (Xu et al, 2012b). MOS14 shows homology to transportin-SR that mediates nuclear import of SR proteins in metazoa.…”

Section: Factors Involved In As Of R Genes and Plant Defensementioning

confidence: 96%

“…Note also that The Arabidopsis Information Resource gene model has five exons in the 39UTR, suggesting that this model (FS) is not in fact the fully spliced model. (D) Scheme of Arabidopsis SNC1 and AS isoforms, based on Xu et al (2012b). Note that all SNC transcript variants identified by Marquez et al (2012) retain intron 5.…”

Section: Biotic Stress As Of Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Alternative Splicing at the Intersection of Biological Timing, Development, and Stress Responses

2013

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High-throughput sequencing for transcript profiling in plants has revealed that alternative splicing (AS) affects a much higher proportion of the transcriptome than was previously assumed. AS is involved in most plant processes and is particularly prevalent in plants exposed to environmental stress. The identification of mutations in predicted splicing factors and spliceosomal proteins that affect cell fate, the circadian clock, plant defense, and tolerance/sensitivity to abiotic stress all point to a fundamental role of splicing/AS in plant growth, development, and responses to external cues. Splicing factors affect the AS of multiple downstream target genes, thereby transferring signals to alter gene expression via splicing factor/AS networks. The last two to three years have seen an ever-increasing number of examples of functional AS. At a time when the identification of AS in individual genes and at a global level is exploding, this review aims to bring together such examples to illustrate the extent and importance of AS, which are not always obvious from individual publications. It also aims to ensure that plant scientists are aware that AS is likely to occur in the genes that they study and that dynamic changes in AS and its consequences need to be considered routinely.

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Section: Factors Involved In As Of R Genes and Plant Defensementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Biotic Stress As Of Resistance Genesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Splicing at the Intersection of Biological Timing, Development, and Stress Responses

2013

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“…Phosphorylation of the ASF/SF2 RS domain is required for nuclear import by Tnpo3 (23). Yeast, insect, and plant orthologs of Tnpo3 were similarly demonstrated to carry out nuclear import of SR and SR-like splicing factors (24)(25)(26).In addition to its role in nuclear import of splicing factors, Tnpo3 was implicated in HIV-1 infection (27)(28)(29). Although early reports proposed a direct interaction between Tnpo3 and HIV-1 integrase (29), subsequent genetic evidence strongly suggested a functional interplay between Tnpo3 and viral capsid Significance Transportin 3 (Tnpo3) was shown to orchestrate nuclear import of splicing factors over a decade ago, but how it recognizes these cargoes remained unknown.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Structural basis for nuclear import of splicing factors by human Transportin 3

Maertens

Cook

Wang

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

130

167

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Transportin 3 (Tnpo3, Transportin-SR2) is implicated in nuclear import of splicing factors and HIV-1 replication. Herein, we show that the majority of cellular Tnpo3 binding partners contain arginineserine (RS) repeat domains and present crystal structures of human Tnpo3 in its free as well as GTPase Ran-and alternative splicing factor/splicing factor 2 (ASF/SF2)-bound forms. The flexible β-karyopherin fold of Tnpo3 embraces the RNA recognition motif and RS domains of the cargo. A constellation of charged residues on and around the arginine-rich helix of Tnpo3 HEAT repeat 15 engage the phosphorylated RS domain and are critical for the recognition and nuclear import of ASF/SF2. Mutations in the same region of Tnpo3 impair its interaction with the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6) and its ability to support HIV-1 replication. Steric incompatibility of the RS domain and RanGTP engagement by Tnpo3 provides the mechanism for cargo release in the nucleus. Our results elucidate the structural bases for nuclear import of splicing factors and the Tnpo3-CPSF6 nexus in HIV-1 biology.T he transport of macromolecules between cytoplasm and nucleus is orchestrated by a family of nuclear import and export receptors (1). Referred to as importins and exportins, these proteins bind their specific cargoes and translocate them across the nuclear pore complex. The process is regulated by the small GTPase Ran that partitions between cytoplasm and nucleus in the predominantly GDP-and GTP-bound form, respectively. Importins associate with their cargoes in the cytoplasm, and the competitive binding of RanGTP induces them to release their cargoes in the nucleus (2). Most nuclear import/export receptors belong to the β-karyopherin family of proteins, with 22 members encoded in the human genome (3). The majority of β-karyopherins bind their cargoes directly, recognizing a linear nuclear localization or export signal and/or a specific tertiary/quaternary structural feature (4, 5).A fundamentally important type of a nuclear localization signal (NLS), comprising sequences rich in Arg-Ser and/or ArgAsp/Glu/Gly dipeptides (referred to as RS or RS-like domains), belongs to the family of Ser/Arg-rich (SR) proteins. These nuclear proteins also contain RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains and play essential roles in pre-mRNA splicing and 3′ processing and participate in transcription regulation, mRNA transport, translation, and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (6). The splicing factors alternative splicing factor/splicing factor 2 (ASF/SF2) and SC35 along with the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6, also known as CF-Im-68) are among the best-characterized metazoan SR proteins (7-10). The SR protein family can be further extended by inclusion of a structurally and functionally diverse group of nuclear proteins that possess RS repeats but lack RRM domains (11). The RS domains are processively phosphorylated on their Ser residues by a set of dedicated kinases (12-16). Phosphorylation of SR proteins is thought to...

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“…Recent studies have shown that alternative splicing of SR proteins play vital roles in stress response process [86][87][88]. Xu et al [86] have proved that MOS14 functioned as the nuclear import receptor of SR proteins, which play vital roles in RNA metabolism. MOS14 mutation changed the splicing patterns of resistance (R) gene SNC1 and RPS4, and then damaged the plant resistance, which was mediated by these two genes.…”

Section: As Events Related To Pawb Response In P Fortuneimentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome and Small RNA Sequencing Analysis Revealed Roles of PaWB-Related miRNAs and Genes in Paulownia fortunei

Zhai

Cao

et al. 2018

Forests

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Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) is an epidemic disease caused by phytoplasmas infection, which is responsible for large production and economic losses. The study of PaWB has made significant progress, but the specific molecular mechanisms associated with PaWB remain unclear. To clearly know the gene expression profiles of plantlets infected with phytoplasmas, in this study, we used high-throughput sequencing technology to generate an integrated analysis of the transcriptome and microRNAs (miRNAs) of Paulownia fortunei (seem.) Hemsl. plantlets, and to obtain a comprehensive resource for the relationship between vital miRNA-target gene pairs and PaWB. A total of 756 genes, and 45 conserved and 22 new miRNAs were identified associated with PaWB. In addition, 635 target genes were predicted for the 67 DERs (Differentially expressed miRNAs). An interaction network of these miRNAs and their target genes was constructed. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway analysis of these target genes indicated that genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), including auxin response factors (ARF), WRKY, NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2), and MYB (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog), and genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as alternative splicing were related directly or indirectly to PaWB. Our results shed light on the possible roles of genes and miRNAs in PaWB-infected plantlets, which will enhance the understanding of the PaWB mechanism in Paulownia plants.

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Transportin-SR Is Required for Proper Splicing of Resistance Genes and Plant Immunity

Cited by 96 publications

References 38 publications

Alternative Splicing at the Intersection of Biological Timing, Development, and Stress Responses

Alternative Splicing at the Intersection of Biological Timing, Development, and Stress Responses

Structural basis for nuclear import of splicing factors by human Transportin 3

Transcriptome and Small RNA Sequencing Analysis Revealed Roles of PaWB-Related miRNAs and Genes in Paulownia fortunei

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