“…When we experienced difficulty in advancing the coaxial system over the hydrophilic guidewire, the diagnostic catheter (4 or 5F) was initially advanced into the distal CCA target over the hydrophilic guidewire: this allowed the guiding catheter (7 or 8F) to slowly advance into the CCA target over the diagnostic catheter (with a Terumo wire inside). Other alternative techniques for stable cannulation of the CCA in hostile vascular anatomy have been proposed: a direct CCA cutdown with local anaesthesia (Choi et al, [30]), the 'external carotid artery stiff wire technique' (Montorsi et al, [28]), the 'buddy wire technique' [40][41][42], the 'multi-wire technique' (Cardaioli et al, [26]), a homemade modified (pierced) guiding catheter with a manually created hole close to the tip allowing the passage of a second guidewire (Coppi et al, [35]), the 'coronary technique' (Solomon et al, [38]), and recently a transradial or transbrachial arterial approach using the 'catheter looping and retrograde engagement technique' (Fang et al, [39]). …”