“…Considered via the insights provided by the polyvagal theory (Porges, 2015), these deviations from the dominant hostility and emotional aridity that prevail in the prison may be understood as an expression of a primal need, or an urge of the mammalian nervous system, to foster, whenever the conditions allow, calm states that optimize prosocial behavior. Indeed, the damaging effects of ongoing exposure to stressful or high-risk environments in which social engagement systems become inaccessible (Porges, 2007), especially at a young age, are well documented (e.g., Berens & Nelson, 2015), as well as their relation to high levels of incarceration (Chen & Gueta, 2016;Gueta et al, 2022;Shonkoff et al, 2012). Perhaps what may be learned from the present study is something of the restorative strength of an actively generated safe environment, as expressed by Porges (2015): "Powerful changes are possible if social behavior has the opportunity to promote a sense of safety" (p. 115).…”