Lifeguards are often employed by local government councils and by companies running tourism and leisure businesses, including theme parks, cruise ships, hotels, and resorts. They provide supervision in open water environments (the ocean, surf beaches), lakes, lagoons, rivers, and swimming pools. In a widely cited statistic the United States Lifesaving Association (USLA) reports that the chance of drowning at a beach protected by lifeguards is estimated to be less than one in 18 million (Branche & Stewart, 2001). The vast majority of drowning events each year occur at unguarded locations (USLA, 2016). Expert opinion is that most drowning cases are preventable through a variety of