Treadmill exercise reduces self-administration of morphine in male rats

Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Serotonin Immunoreactivity in Medullary Raphe Nuclei and Spinal Cord Following Sciatic Nerve Transection in Rats

“…The Von Frey response of sedentary rats with transected sciatic nerve could be indicating that exercise-induced analgesia is related to other mechanisms. Indeed, previous studies have demonstrated that exercise increases endogenous opioid release [7,10]. These molecules enhance serotonin release in the telencephalon through the selective activation of serotonergic neurons of dorsal and medium raphe nuclei [46,47].…”

“…It was recently demonstrated that endorphin levels are increased during exercise [7]. Other previous studies have shown that the treatment with naloxone, an antagonist opioid, did not change the nociceptive threshold after exercise [8,9].…”

Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability?

“…Some studies have found that physical activity decreases stimulant and opiate CPP (Chen et al, 2008;Fontes-Ribeiro et al, 2011;Hosseini et al, 2009;Rozeske et al, 2011;Thanos et al, 2010), while others have reported either an increase or no effect (Geuzaine and Tirelli, 2014;Mustroph et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2008a). Multiple procedural variations among these studies do not allow for a cogent explanation for the discrepant findings.…”

“…The beneficial effect of physical activity is most notable when access to a running wheel occurs during the self-administration session (Cosgrove et al, 2002;Kanarek et al, 1995;Zlebnik et al, 2012). However, when access to a running wheel is implemented either before or after daily operant conditioning sessions, a decrease in intravenous self-administration also is obtained across different various drugs, including cocaine (Smith et al, 2008b;, methamphetamine (Engelmann et al, 2013;Miller et al, 2012), heroin (Smith and Pitts, 2012) and morphine (Hosseini et al, 2009). Physical activity also decreases the escalation of self-administration (Engelmann et al, 2013;Zlebnik et al, 2012) and reinstatement (Lynch et al, 2010;Sanchez et al, 2013;Thanos et al, 2013;Zlebnik et al, 2010).…”

Assessment of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Migraine in Central Anatolia

“…In this perspective, weight loss, an important factor for the reduction of the cardiovascular risk in MetS, might be recommended also for the reduction of headache disability in migraineurs (17). The proposed mechanism might be that exercise increases endorphin levels and pain tolerance and in rats decreases opioid usage (18) and increases insulin sensitivity (19). It is yet unclear if migraine, or its treatment, is a cause of obesity, or if obesity causes increased migraine frequency.…”