Treadmill exercise suppresses nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's rats

Yoon, Myoung-Chul; Shin, Mal‐Soon; Kim, Tea-Soo; Kim, Bo-Kyun; Ko, Il‐Gyu; Sung, Yun‐Hee; Kim, Sang Hoon; Heehyuk, Lee; Kim, Young-Pyo; Kim, Chang‐Ju

doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.06.031

Cited by 130 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In the injured brain, exercise induces neuroprotection in animal models of stroke (Hayes et al, 2008), traumatic brain injury (Griesbach et al, 2007) and Parkinson's disease (Yoon et al, 2007). Voluntary running significantly restores the neural stem cell pool, hippocampal neurogenesis and behavioural deficits following a clinically relevant, moderate dose of irradiation (Naylor et al, 2008).…”

Section: Association Between Physical Inactivity and Impaired Cognitimentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscles and their myokines

Pedersen

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

550

404

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Summary In the past, the role of physical activity as a life-style modulating factor has been considered as that of a tool to balance energy intake. Although it is important to avoid obesity, physical inactivity should be discussed in a much broader context. There is accumulating epidemiological evidence that a physically active life plays an independent role in the protection against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dementia and even depression. For most of the last century, researchers sought a link between muscle contraction and humoral changes in the form of an ‘exercise factor’, which could be released from skeletal muscle during contraction and mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs such as the liver and the adipose tissue. We have suggested that cytokines or other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibres and exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as ‘myokines’. Given that skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the human body, our discovery that contracting skeletal muscle secretes proteins sets a novel paradigm: skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ producing and releasing myokines, which work in a hormone-like fashion, exerting specific endocrine effects on other organs. Other myokines work via paracrine mechanisms, exerting local effects on signalling pathways involved in muscle metabolism. It has been suggested that myokines may contribute to exercise-induced protection against several chronic diseases.

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Section: Association Between Physical Inactivity and Impaired Cognitimentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscles and their myokines

Pedersen

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

550

404

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“…In fact, enriched environmental conditions and increased physical activity are neuroprotective in models of nigrostriatal system injury (Bezard et al, 2003b;Faherty et al, 2005;Steiner et al, 2006;Jadavji et al, 2006;Yoon et al, 2007).…”

Section: Physical Exercise and Gdnf Expression In The Nigrostriatal Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving GDNF expression: The green and the red traffic lights

Saavedra

Baltazar

Duarte

2008

Progress in Neurobiology

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“…In rodent models of PD, exercise has been shown to have neuroprotective benefits, preventing dopaminergic neuronal loss in regions of the basal ganglia. [45][46][47] There also is evidence that exercise may improve function without preserving dopaminergic neurons 48,49 presumably through compensatory mechanisms. In human subjects with PD, treadmill training has produced improvements in gait, quality of life, and levodopa efficacy.…”

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confidence: 99%

A meta-regression of the long-term effects of deep brain stimulation on balance and gait in PD

George¹,

Nutt²,

Burchiel³

et al. 2010

Neurology

273

192

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Objective: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) alleviates the cardinal Parkinson disease (PD) symptoms of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia. However, its effects on postural instability and gait disability (PIGD) are uncertain. Contradictory findings may be due to differences the in stimulation site and the length of time since DBS surgery. This prompted us to conduct the first meta-regression of long-term studies of bilateral DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna (GPi).Results: Eleven articles reported a breakdown of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale score before and beyond 3 years postsurgery (mean 4.5 years). Random effects meta-regression revealed that DBS initially improved PIGD compared to the OFF medicated state before surgery, but performance declined over time and extrapolation showed subjects would reach presurgery levels 9 years postsurgery. ON medication, DBS improved PIGD over and above the effect of medication before surgery. Nevertheless, for the STN group, PIGD progressively declined and was worse than presurgery function within 2 years. In contrast, GPi patients showed no significant long-term decline in PIGD in the medicated state. Improvements in cardinal signs with DBS at both sites were maintained across 5 years in the OFF and ON medication states.Conclusions: DBS alone does not offer the same improvement to PIGD as it does to the cardinal symptoms, suggesting axial and distal control are differentially affected by DBS. GPi DBS in combination with levodopa seemed to preserve PIGD better than did STN DBS, although more studies of GPi DBS and randomized controls are needed. Neurology Balance and gait are gradually, and inevitably, impaired as Parkinson disease (PD) progresses, resulting in significant impairment of mobility. Mobility disability is one of the most important causes of diminished quality of life, morbidity, and mortality in patients with PD.1,2 Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of either the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus interna (GPi) is an increasingly common therapy for mid-to late-stage PD. With optimized stimulation settings, DBS typically lessens the motor symptoms of tremor, limb rigidity, bradykinesia, and akinesia. However, the long-term effects on balance, locomotion, and speech, often referred to as axial motor signs, are debated.Despite improvements in clinical ratings of PIGD immediately after DBS surgery, patients tend to fall more.3 These seemingly contradictory findings are not altogether surprising given that balance and gait are complex behaviors consisting of many sensorimotor subsystems that may not be fully characterized by the PIGD items in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). So although posture and gait are affected by bradykinesia, rigidity, and to a lesser extent tremor, other sensorimotor systems underlying posture and gait, such as setdependent flexibility, 4 sensory integration, 5 and postural synergies, 6 do not show the same responsiveness to levodopa. Therefore, each subsystem underl...

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Treadmill exercise suppresses nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's rats

Cited by 130 publications

References 27 publications

Muscles and their myokines

Muscles and their myokines

Driving GDNF expression: The green and the red traffic lights

A meta-regression of the long-term effects of deep brain stimulation on balance and gait in PD

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