‘Treasure’ in garbage bags: extracellular vesicles based biomarker for neurological diseases

Kumar, Ashish; Deep, Gagan

doi:10.21037/exrna-21-25

Cited by 1 publication

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Alternatively, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), GluR2/3 subunits of α -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (GluR2/3), synaptosome-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25), synaptophysin, and ATPase Na + /K + transporting subunit α 3 (ATP1A3) have also been used for NDE isolation ( Hornung et al, 2020 ; Song et al, 2020 ; Saeedi et al, 2021 ; Kumar et al, 2022 ; Yousif et al, 2022 ; You et al, 2023 ) ( Table 1 ). The isolation of plasma NDEs using two separate markers, L1CAM and SNAP-25, from the independent cohort showed high concordance in microRNA (miRNA) cargo analysis, demonstrating the utility of these markers in isolating similar NDE populations ( Kumar, 2021 ; Saeedi et al, 2021 ). However, the decreased expression of SNAP-25 in serum NDEs from patients with AD compared with healthy controls has also been reported ( Agliardi et al, 2019 ), which may impact the efficiency of NDE isolation from individuals with AD if SNAP-25 is used.…”

Section: Current Approaches For the Isolation Of Brain Cell–derived E...mentioning

confidence: 88%

“…There is a wide range of methods employed for isolating total EVs from biological fluids, including ultracentrifugation, polymer-based precipitation, density gradient, filtration, and size exclusion chromatography, each with its own advantages as discussed in detail in many review articles ( Konoshenko et al, 2018 ; Brennan et al, 2020 ; Sidhom et al, 2020 ). Additionally, the analysis of EV size and concentration can yield variable results depending on the method and instrument used for analysis ( Kumar, 2021 ; Vogel et al, 2021 ). The variations in EV isolation and characterization methodologies make it challenging to compare and, at times, reproduce results.…”

Section: Conclusion: “Boom or Bust”mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVs, through their cargo (proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids), stimulate widespread effects on systemic processes, including immune function, inflammation, and a host of disease- and organ-specific processes. Consequently, there is a growing interest in the potential of EVs to serve as noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases, such as cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurological disorders, infectious diseases, and others ( Panigrahi and Deep, 2017 ; Shah et al, 2018 ; Kumar and Deep, 2020 ; Kumar, 2021 ). EVs are released by every cell type into circulation, and their easy accessibility and isolation from almost any biofluid make them an attractive and feasible candidate for biomarker discovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EVs are released by every cell type into circulation, and their easy accessibility and isolation from almost any biofluid make them an attractive and feasible candidate for biomarker discovery. Furthermore, to a great extent, the cargo of EVs reflects the pathophysiological state of the parent cell; their analysis could provide treasured information about the parent cells in a given condition ( Hedlund et al, 2011 ; de Jong et al, 2012 ; Sánchez-Melgar et al, 2020 ; Berumen Sánchez et al, 2021 ; Kumar, 2021 ; Phan et al, 2022 ). For these reasons, EVs have been suggested as a key component of liquid biopsy for various diseases, particularly those affecting difficult-to-access organs, like the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of Extracellular Vesicles as “Liquid Biopsy” for Neurological Disorders: Boom or Bust

Kumar,

Nader,

Deep

2023

Pharmacol Rev

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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as an attractive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple diseases and disorders. The feasibility of enriching specific subpopulations of EVs from biofluids based on their unique surface markers has opened novel opportunities to gain molecular insight from various tissues and organs, including the brain. Over the past decade, EVs in bodily fluids have been extensively studied for biomarkers associated with various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorders, substance use disorders, human immunodeficiency virus–associated neurocognitive disorder, and cancer/treatment-induced neurodegeneration. These studies have focused on the isolation and cargo characterization of either total EVs or brain cells, such as neuron-, astrocyte-, microglia-, oligodendrocyte-, pericyte-, and endothelial-derived EVs from biofluids to achieve early diagnosis and molecular characterization and to predict the treatment and intervention outcomes. The findings of these studies have demonstrated that EVs could serve as a repetitive and less invasive source of valuable molecular information for these neurological disorders, supplementing existing costly neuroimaging techniques and relatively invasive measures, like lumbar puncture. However, the initial excitement surrounding blood-based biomarkers for brain-related diseases has been tempered by challenges, such as lack of central nervous system specificity in EV markers, lengthy protocols, and the absence of standardized procedures for biological sample collection, EV isolation, and characterization. Nevertheless, with rapid advancements in the EV field, supported by improved isolation methods and sensitive assays for cargo characterization, brain cell–derived EVs continue to offer unparallel opportunities with significant translational implications for various neurological disorders. Significance Statement Extracellular vesicles present a less invasive liquid biopsy approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of various neurological disorders. Characterizing these vesicles in biofluids holds the potential to yield valuable molecular information, thereby significantly impacting the development of novel biomarkers for various neurological disorders. This paper has reviewed the methodology employed to isolate extracellular vesicles derived from various brain cells in biofluids, their utility in enhancing the molecular understanding of neurodegeneration, and the potential challenges in this research field.

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