Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects in the Goat with Frozen Versus Fresh Osteochondral Allografts: Effects on Cartilage Stiffness, Zonal Composition, and Structure at Six Months

Pallante, Andrea L.; Görtz, Simon; Chen, Albert C.; Healey, Robert; Chase, Derek C.; Ball, Scott T.; Amiel, David; Sah, Robert L.; Bugbee, William D.

doi:10.2106/jbjs.k.00439

Cited by 60 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(75 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Although the specific mechanisms are unclear, it might be related to ion release or increased shear stresses. Furthermore, while our model did not replicate the observed damage of frozen osteochondral grafts in vivo over a long period[36], the relative equality of live and dead tissue in the bioreactor is consistent with observations made in a short-term in vitro study by Torzilli et al[60]. Perhaps dead tissue may work in the short term, but will fail in the long term.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…For the second objective, we investigated wear differences between live and dead cartilage tissue. It has been reported that over time, frozen osteochondral grafts show deterioration of the graft properties in vivo, including cartilage softening, loss of matrix proteins, and an increase in surface irregularity, as compared to fresh grafts[36]. Because of this clinical observation, we hypothesized that the live CoC model would increase its biosynthetic activity compared to the non-wearing control tissue and show less matrix damage compared with dead tissue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Establishing a live cartilage-on-cartilage interface for tribological testing

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Mechano-biochemical wear encompasses the tribological interplay between biological and mechanical mechanisms responsible for cartilage wear and degradation. The aim of this study was to develop and start validating a novel tribological testing system, which better resembles the natural joint environment through incorporating a live cartilage-on-cartilage articulating interface, joint specific kinematics, and the application of controlled mechanical stimuli for the measurement of biological responses in order to study the mechano-biochemical wear of cartilage. The study entailed two parts. In Part 1, the novel testing rig was used to compare two bearing systems: (a) cartilage articulating against cartilage (CoC) and (b) metal articulating against cartilage (MoC). The clinically relevant MoC, which is also a common tribological interface for evaluating cartilage wear, should produce more wear to agree with clinical observations. In Part II, the novel testing system was used to determine how wear is affected by tissue viability in live and dead CoC articulations. For both parts, bovine cartilage explants were harvested and tribologically tested for three consecutive days. Wear was defined as release of glycosaminoglycans into the media and as evaluation of the tissue structure. For Part I, we found that the live CoC articulation did not cause damage to the cartilage, to the extent of being comparable to the free swelling controls, whereas the MoC articulation caused decreased cell viability, extracellular matrix disruption, and increased wear when compared to CoC, and consistent with clinical data. These results provided confidence that this novel testing system will be adequate to screen new biomaterials for articulation against cartilage, such as in hemiarthroplasty. For Part II, the live and dead cartilage articulation yielded similar wear as determined by the release of proteoglycans and aggrecan fragments, suggesting that keeping the cartilage alive may not be essential for short term wear tests. However, the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans was significantly higher due to live CoC articulation than due to the corresponding live free swelling controls, indicating that articulation stimulated cell activity. Moving forward, the cell response to mechanical stimuli and the underlying mechano-biochemical wear mechanisms need to be further studied for a complete picture of tissue degradation.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing a live cartilage-on-cartilage interface for tribological testing

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…27 Briefly, the knee joint was exposed through a medial parapatellar incision, and lateral patella dislocation. An osteochondral defect (d=7.5mm, h=5mm) was created at MFC and LT sites under continuous saline irrigation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The In Vivo Performance of Osteochondral Allografts in the Goat Is Diminished With Extended Storage and Decreased Cartilage Cellularity

et al. 2012

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Currently, osteochondral allografts (OCA) are typically used after 4°C storage for prolonged durations (15-43days), which compromises chondrocyte viability, especially at the articular surface. The long-term in vivo performance of these fresh-stored allografts, in association with variable cellularity, is unknown. Hypothesis/Purpose Determine the effect of 4°C storage duration (14, 28days) versus the best (fresh) and worst (frozen) conditions of chondrocyte viability on structure, composition, and function of cartilage in the goat, and the association of retrieved chondrocyte cellularity with those tissue properties. Study Design Controlled Laboratory Study Methods The effect of allograft storage on in vivo repair outcomes was determined for OCA transplanted into fifteen recipient goats and analyzed at 12months. Repair outcomes were assessed by examining cartilage structure (gross, histopathology), composition (cellularity by depth, matrix fixed charge), and biomechanical function (stiffness). Relationships between cellularity and structural scores, matrix fixed charge, and stiffness were assessed by linear regression. Results Repair outcomes in 4°C-stored OCA were inferior to fresh OCA, and were accompanied by diminished cellularity at the surface, matrix fixed charge, and histopathological structure. Overall, cellularity by depth and matrix fixed charge in cartilage of fresh OCA were similar to non-operated controls. However, cellularity at the articular surface and matrix fixed charge in 4°C-stored OCA were lower than fresh, by ~55% (95%CI, 32-76%) and ~20% (95%CI, 9-30%), respectively. In frozen OCA, cellularity and matrix fixed charge were lower than 4°C-stored OCA, by ~93% (95%CI, 88-99%) and ~22% (95%CI: 10-35%), respectively. Cellularity correlated negatively with cartilage health indices, including structural scores, and positively with matrix fixed charge and stiffness. Conclusion Reduced cellularity at the articular surface, resulting from 4°C storage, was associated with variable long-term outcomes, versus consistently good repair by fresh allografts. Cellularity at the articular surface was an important index of biological performance. Clinical Relevance Normal chondrocyte density in vivo, especially in the superficial region of cartilage, is important for maintaining long-term cartilage function and matrix content. In human cartilage, containing cells at ~3-5× lower density than goat, repair outcomes may be related to absolute minimum number of cells rather than density.

show abstract

“…Reddy et al (2009) also prefer the 6 mm diameter plug because it better fits the defect. However, other studies involving fresh samples used larger diameter fragments, such as 8 mm (Pallante et al 2012) and even 15 mm (Ball et al 2004). We believe the diameter chosen in this study was adequate for our purpose.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Approaches to preserve human osteochondral allografts

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Osteochondral defects may progress to osteoarthritis. Many attempts have been developed to overcome this issue, including osteochondral autografts and allografts. The goal of this study was to develop a new protocol for storage of human osteochondral allografts. Osteochondral plugs were randomly allocated in the following groups: control, immediate freezing up to -70 °C, cooling at 4 °C, and storage at 37 °C. Samples from the cooling at 4 °C and storage at 37 °C groups were stored in tubes containing medium plus human albumin and analyzed after 1, 3, and 14 days. The frozen groups' samples were cryopreserved for 1 year in cryotubes containing medium only (FM), medium plus human albumin (FA), and medium plus human albumin and glucose (FG) and were then analyzed. Analysis involved histological study with hematoxylin-eosin and Safranin O and a modified Live/Dead assay. In samples stored both at 37 and 4 °C, analysis showed statistically significant higher cellular mortality at 14 days compared to 1 and 3 days, but mortality in the 4 °C group was lower. In the freezing protocols, the FA group showed less cellular mortality than the FM and FG groups. Cooling at 4 °C offers better preservation capacity than storage at 37 °C, but both offer the capacity for preservation for 14 days. Adding human albumin to the storage medium is useful in reducing cellular mortality in samples frozen for 1 year.

show abstract

Treatment of Articular Cartilage Defects in the Goat with Frozen Versus Fresh Osteochondral Allografts: Effects on Cartilage Stiffness, Zonal Composition, and Structure at Six Months

Cited by 60 publications

References 52 publications

Establishing a live cartilage-on-cartilage interface for tribological testing

Establishing a live cartilage-on-cartilage interface for tribological testing

The In Vivo Performance of Osteochondral Allografts in the Goat Is Diminished With Extended Storage and Decreased Cartilage Cellularity

Approaches to preserve human osteochondral allografts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About