Abstract:The dependence of Nigerian Government on foreign technology for oil spill cleanup in its water bodies does not add local content value in the development of the Nation's economy. Acetylation of natural cellulose gives a material with high sorption capacity for oil in water. This research investigates crude oil sorption from water using acetylated and unacetylated lignocellulose. Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and cocoa pod (CP) were acetylated under mild conditions. The acetylated (modified) and unacetylat… Show more
“…5, which reveals that the removal efficiency decreased with increasing particle size, which is because more smaller particle and more specific area provided for solution and also less mass resistance provided to surrounding stream [3]. This finding was with agreement with finding of [7] and [35]. So particle size in the range of 150-300 micron was adopted in this study.…”
Waste engine oil is a highly pollutant material that requires responsible management. Waste engine oil may cause damage to the environment when dumped into the ground or into water streams including sewers. The Ricinus communis leaves are one of the common wastes abundantly available in Iraq. The present study aims to investigate the performance and effects of Ricinus communis leaves as adsorbent for removing dissolved oil in oil-water emulsion, and the study investigated the effect of different parameters like particle size, pH, initial oil concentration, contact time, adsorbent/ adsorbate (g/g) ratio. The maximum removal efficiency of Ricinus communis leaves was 98% at adsorbent particle size (150-300) micron, acidified solution (pH < 2), 90 min for adsorbent concentration of 400 mg/L. Several tests like BET, FTIR and SEM had been conducted for best interpretation of adsorption mechanism in this study. FTIR test displayed good ability of the adsorbent in adsorption of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. When isotherm study was applied to the results, best fitted data were close to Freundlich isotherm, and the results also had been fitted with kinetic adsorption equations; in the present work, pseudo-second-order equation was the best equation of oil engine uptake. Keywords Oilly wastewater • Batch adsorption • Ricinus communis leaves • FTIR • SEM Abbreviations ∆G Gibbs free energy (KJ mol −1) ∆H Enthalpy (J mol −1) ∆S Entropy (J mol −1) Ce Remaining concentration of adsorbate in solution (mg/L) q e Adsorbate that is adsorbed per weight of adsorbent(mg/mg) K L Langmuir isotherm constant (L/mg) Q Maximum adsorption capacity according to Langmuir isotherm model (mg/g) n Adsorption intensity according to Freundlich isotherm model K F Freundlich isotherm adsorption constant K B BET adsorption rate (L/mg) q s Maximum adsorption capacity according to BET isotherm model (mg/g) q t Adsorption capacity after specific time (mg/g) t Time (min) k 1 Pseudo-first-order constant k 2 Pseudo-second-order constant
“…5, which reveals that the removal efficiency decreased with increasing particle size, which is because more smaller particle and more specific area provided for solution and also less mass resistance provided to surrounding stream [3]. This finding was with agreement with finding of [7] and [35]. So particle size in the range of 150-300 micron was adopted in this study.…”
Waste engine oil is a highly pollutant material that requires responsible management. Waste engine oil may cause damage to the environment when dumped into the ground or into water streams including sewers. The Ricinus communis leaves are one of the common wastes abundantly available in Iraq. The present study aims to investigate the performance and effects of Ricinus communis leaves as adsorbent for removing dissolved oil in oil-water emulsion, and the study investigated the effect of different parameters like particle size, pH, initial oil concentration, contact time, adsorbent/ adsorbate (g/g) ratio. The maximum removal efficiency of Ricinus communis leaves was 98% at adsorbent particle size (150-300) micron, acidified solution (pH < 2), 90 min for adsorbent concentration of 400 mg/L. Several tests like BET, FTIR and SEM had been conducted for best interpretation of adsorption mechanism in this study. FTIR test displayed good ability of the adsorbent in adsorption of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. When isotherm study was applied to the results, best fitted data were close to Freundlich isotherm, and the results also had been fitted with kinetic adsorption equations; in the present work, pseudo-second-order equation was the best equation of oil engine uptake. Keywords Oilly wastewater • Batch adsorption • Ricinus communis leaves • FTIR • SEM Abbreviations ∆G Gibbs free energy (KJ mol −1) ∆H Enthalpy (J mol −1) ∆S Entropy (J mol −1) Ce Remaining concentration of adsorbate in solution (mg/L) q e Adsorbate that is adsorbed per weight of adsorbent(mg/mg) K L Langmuir isotherm constant (L/mg) Q Maximum adsorption capacity according to Langmuir isotherm model (mg/g) n Adsorption intensity according to Freundlich isotherm model K F Freundlich isotherm adsorption constant K B BET adsorption rate (L/mg) q s Maximum adsorption capacity according to BET isotherm model (mg/g) q t Adsorption capacity after specific time (mg/g) t Time (min) k 1 Pseudo-first-order constant k 2 Pseudo-second-order constant
“…Figures 1, 2 and 3 represents the IR spectra of unacetylated and acetylated OPEFB, POBP and CP respectively. The FTIR spectra showed that after acetylation, ester bands were shifted and enhanced at around 1745 cm −1 (carbonyl C=O stretching of ester), 1375 cm −1 (C–H in –O(C=O)–CH 3 ), 1240 cm −1 (C–O stretching of acetyl group) and 1020 cm −1 (C–O stretching vibrations in cellulose) [1, 14, 15, 17]. Thus, confirming the successful acetylation of the lignocellulosic samples.Fig.…”
The use of natural cellulosic fibers as materials in the reinforcements of polymer composites and sorption of oil from water, has directed more focus on acetylation than other known chemical modification methods. Cellulose can be modified by acetylation to provide a suitable and cost effective cellulose acetate which have high hydrophobic characteristics and are biodegradable. In this study, lignocellulosic samples—oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB), pride of Barbados pods (POBP) and cocoa pods (CP)—with different compositions of lignin and hemicellulose, were acetylated using solvent free method. Effect of temperature on the acetylation of these samples at different reaction times were studied and used for the thermodynamic studies. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the significance of temperature variation with weight percent gain (WPG) due to acetylation of the lignocellulosics at different reaction times. FTIR studies showed evidence of successful acetylation reaction. ANOVA test showed no statistical difference in the observed variation of WPG due to acetylation of all the lignocellulosic samples, with temperature at different reaction times. The best acetylating period for OPEFB, POBP and CP were 60, 30 and 90 min respectively. Acetylation of the lignocellulosic samples were found to occur by absorbing heat from the environment. Values of entropy changes were positive while Gibb’s free energy change values were negative except at operating temperature of 303 K. Thus, acetylation of these lignocellulosic samples were spontaneous except at 303 K. Acetylated POBP has the lowest heat capacity (0.82 kJ mol
−1
K
−1
) compared to acetylated OPEFB (1.47 kJ mol
−1
K
−1
) and CP (1.15 kJ mol
−1
K
−1
). Low critical WPG showed that the mechanism of acetylating these materials were diffusion controlled. The critical temperatures of OPEFB, POBP and CP acetylation were found to be 282.6 K, 223.2 K and 260.5 K respectively. Thus, acetylation of these lignocellulosic samples were successful and found to be energy efficient.
“…Acetylation is a technique for increasing the sorption efficiency of the sorbent and can be facilitated by the use of a catalyst ( N -bromosuccinimide, N -methylpyrrolidone, 4-dimethylaminopyridine) or not. In acetylation, the hydroxyl groups in the cellulose structure are converted to oleophilic acetate groups (O-CO-CH 3 ) through reaction with acetic anhydride, lowering the hydrophilic properties of the sorbent and enhancing the oleophilic ones [ 46 , 50 , 76 , 77 , 78 ]. As a result of this modification, the oil uptake is drastically increased, while the water sorption is respectively reduced.…”
Section: Modification Methods For Hydrophobicity Improvementmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a result of this modification, the oil uptake is drastically increased, while the water sorption is respectively reduced. Acetylated sorbents have bulkier forms because of the difference in molecular weight between OH and O-CO-CH 3 , which is referred to as weight percent gain [ 46 , 78 ].…”
Section: Modification Methods For Hydrophobicity Improvementmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Their main disadvantages stem from their poor oleophilic/hydrophobic properties. In order to improve these characteristics, the sorbents can be modified using mechanical [ 44 ], thermal [ 45 ], and chemical [ 46 ] modification methods. Mechanical modification methods affect the adsorption capacity but do not improve the hydrophobicity of the adsorbent.…”
Conventional synthetic sorbents for oil spill removal are the most widely applied materials, although they are not the optimal choices from an economic and environmental point of view. The use of inexpensive, abundant, non-toxic, biodegradable, and reusable lignocellulosic materials might be an alternative to conventional sorbents, with obvious positive impact on sustainability and circular economy. The objective of this paper was to review reports on the use of natural-based adsorbing materials for the restoration of water bodies threatened by oil spills. The use of raw and modified natural sorbents as a restoration tool, their sorption capacity, along with the individual results in conditions that have been implemented, were examined in detail. Modification methods for improving the hydrophobicity of natural sorbents were also extensively highlighted. Furthermore, an attempt was made to assess the advantages and limitations of each natural sorbent since one material is unlikely to encompass all potential oil spill scenarios. Finally, an evaluation was conducted in order to outline an integrated approach based on the terms of material–environment–economy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
