Treatment of geothermal waters for production of industrial, agricultural or drinking water

Gallup, Darrell L.

doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2007.07.002

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…One technique considered viable for removing traces of arsenic from a fluid is ozone (O 3 ) oxidation followed by iron coprecipitation or catalyzed photo-oxidation processes [45]. The photo-oxidation process consists of sparging air through the photo-adsorber-treated fluid, and then irradiating it with ultraviolet lamps or exposing it to sunlight to oxidize the arsenic ion As 3 þ to As 5 þ [46]. Residual arsenic in the precipitate may be slurry-injected into a water disposal well or fixed/stabilized for land disposal.…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Residual arsenic in the precipitate may be slurry-injected into a water disposal well or fixed/stabilized for land disposal. Another arsenic treatment method involves using strong base anion-exchange resins that remove traces of arsenic in geothermal fluids, provided that the amorphous silica is decreased below its saturation point or the water is stabilized against silica scaling by acidification [46]. Chloride-rich water, which had been treated with lime (CaOH 2 ) and filtered to reduce amorphous silica to well below its saturation point, successfully regenerated the resin.…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chloride-rich water, which had been treated with lime (CaOH 2 ) and filtered to reduce amorphous silica to well below its saturation point, successfully regenerated the resin. The ion-exchange alternative to arsenic removal by oxidation/precipitation has proven successful in reducing the concentrations of this element to below the limits set for drinking water standards [46].…”

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options

Finster

Clark

Schroeder

et al. 2015

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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a b s t r a c tGeothermal power plants use geothermal fluids as a resource and create waste residuals as part of the power generation process. Both the geofluid resource and waste stream are considered produced fluids. The chemical and physical nature of produced fluids can have a major impact on the geothermal power industry and influence the feasibility of power development, exploration approaches, plant design, operating practices, and reuse/disposal of residuals. In general, produced fluids include anything that comes out of a geothermal field and must subsequently be managed on the surface. These fluids vary greatly, depending on the reservoir being harnessed, plant design, and life cycle stage in which the fluid exists, but generally include water and fluids used to drill wells, fluids used to stimulate wells in enhanced geothermal systems, and makeup and/or cooling water used during operation of a power plant. Additional geothermal-related produced fluids include many substances that are similar to waste streams from the oil and gas industry, such as scale, flash tank solids, precipitated solids from brine treatment, hydrogen sulfide, and cooling-tower-related waste.This review paper aims to provide baseline knowledge on specific technologies and technology areas associated with geothermal power production. Specifically, this research focused on management techniques related to fluids produced and used during the operational stage of a power plant, the vast majority of which are employed in the generation of electricity. The general characteristics of produced fluids are discussed. Constituents of interest that tend to drive the selection of treatment technologies are described, including total dissolved solids, noncondensable gases, scale, corrosion, silicon dioxide, metal sulfides, calcium carbonate, metals, and naturally occurring radioactive material. Management options for produced fluids that require additional treatment for these constituents are also discussed, including surface disposal; reuse/recycle; agricultural, industrial, and domestic uses; mineral extraction and recovery; and solid waste handling.

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Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options

Finster

Clark

Schroeder

et al. 2015

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

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“…If arsenic could be removed from the geothermal waters, they could be directly utilized for recreation, business, agriculture, drinking, and washing (Gallup, 2007). Recently, Okada et al (2004) used a superconducting magnet as part of a treatment system that reduced arsenic concentrations from 3400 (mostly as As(III)) to 15 μg L −1 in geothermal waters from Kakkonda, Japan.…”

Section: Magnetic Separationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste Treatment and Remediation Technologies for Arsenic

Henke

2009

Arsenic

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“…In Poland groundwater is regarded as thermal if its temperature exceeds 20 °C. Thermal waters were initially used in medicine, then for heating purposes, and nowadays thermal water is also utilized in power plants (Kępińska 2006) and even as drinking water (Marović et al 1995;Baradács et al 2001;Gallup 2007). In some countries investigations of the natural radioactive elements in the thermal waters have been carried out in recent years (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural radioactive nuclides in the thermal waters of the Polish Inner Carpathians

Nowak¹,

Chau

Rajchel³

2012

Geologica Carpathica

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Abstract:The chemical compositions and activity concentrations of 238 U, 234 U, 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 222 Rn were measured in the thermal waters occurring in the Podhale Trough. This region, part of the Polish Inner Carpathians, is the artesian basin situated between two groundwater recharging zones, the Tatras to the south and the Pieniny Klippen Belt to the north. The thermal water samples were collected from nine selected boreholes with the depths from 1113 m (Zakopane IG-2) to 5526 m (Bańska Niżna IG-1). The waters belong to four hydrochemical types: HCO 3 -SO 4 -Ca-Mg-Na, SO 4 -HCO 3 -Cl-Na-Ca, SO 4 -Ca-Na and SO 4 -Cl-Ca-Na. Their mineralization and temperature range from several hundreds to 2500 mg/l and 23.9 to 86.3 °C, respectively. Excluding the waters from the Szymoszkowa GT-1 and Chochołów PIG-1 boreholes, the activity concentrations of the uranium and radium isotopes in the waters are relatively low and vary from decimals to above ten mBq/l and from several tens to about 600 mBq/l, respectively. They are classified as radon-poor waters. The phenomena mentioned seem to be characteristic of the waters draining limestone formations overlaying the crystalline rocks, namely the principal aquifers in the Tatras. The significant levels of the uranium and radium activity concentrations in the waters from Szymoszkowa GT-1 and Chochołów PIG-1 can be connected with the presences of Lower Triassic black shales with tuffites rich in uranium in the respective recharge areas. Comparing the parameters of the Podhale thermal waters with those of some selected thermal waters occurring in other regions of Poland and in northwest Croatia, the French Massif Central, Spanish Andalusia and north-east Tunisia, the authors found that the temperature of the thermal waters is contained between 16 and about 100 °C; the mineralization and concentrations of radionuclides vary in broad intervals and are considerably affected by the lithology and the geological structure of the region. The 226 Ra activity concentration exceeds that of 228 Ra in almost each of the thermal waters compared, which is similar to the waters from Podhale.

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Treatment of geothermal waters for production of industrial, agricultural or drinking water

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options

Geothermal produced fluids: Characteristics, treatment technologies, and management options

Waste Treatment and Remediation Technologies for Arsenic

Natural radioactive nuclides in the thermal waters of the Polish Inner Carpathians

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