No abstract

Rabka has re sources of chlo ride wa ter, cur rently ac ces si ble in nine bore holes with depths from 20 to 1215 m. The wa ters are of the Cl-Na+I+(Fe) type, and in the Rabka IG 2 bore hole of the Cl-Na+I+21°C type, while their to tal dis solved sol ids (TDS) con tents vary between 17.2 and 24.6 g/dm 3 . These ther a peu tic wa ters are as so ci ated with the Carpathian flysch strata of the strongly dis turbed zone of tec tonic con tact be tween the Magura Nappe with the un der ly ing Fore-Magura Group of units. This struc ture is also a trap for hy dro carbons, and so strong meth ane (CH 4 ) em a na tions are pres ent in Rabka both at the sur face and in the bore holes pro vid ing min eral wa ter. The strong tec tonic dis tur bances of the study area con sid er ably hin der the flow of un der ground wa ter, ex tend the wa ter re sis tance time at the wa ter-rock con tact and sig nif i cantly limit the pos si bil ity of wa ter ex change within the wa ter-bear ing sys tem. Such con di tions of hin dered flow and lim ited wa ter ex change con trol the unique chem i cal com po si tion of the chlo ride wa ter at Rabka. The com po nents dis solved in these wa ters orig i nate from the pri mary synsedimentary wa ter (eli sion stage) ac cu mu lated in the rock ma trix, from which they fil ter into the flow of wa ter (in fil tra tion stage) of var i ous gen e ses, i.e., palaeoinfiltration, in fil tra tion and de hy dra tion, mov ing through the water-bear ing sys tem of the min eral wa ter of Rabka. Mod el ling with the Geo chem ist's Work bench Stan dard 8.0 pro gram has dem on strated the pro posed or i gin of the min eral wa ter in Rabka. Lucyna Rajchel and Mariusz Czop, Fac ulty of Ge ol ogy, Geo phys ics and En vi ron ment Pro tec tion, AGH Uni ver sity of Sci ence and Technol ogy,

Abstract:The chemical compositions and activity concentrations of 238 U, 234 U, 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 222 Rn were measured in the thermal waters occurring in the Podhale Trough. This region, part of the Polish Inner Carpathians, is the artesian basin situated between two groundwater recharging zones, the Tatras to the south and the Pieniny Klippen Belt to the north. The thermal water samples were collected from nine selected boreholes with the depths from 1113 m (Zakopane IG-2) to 5526 m (Bańska Niżna IG-1). The waters belong to four hydrochemical types: HCO 3 -SO 4 -Ca-Mg-Na, SO 4 -HCO 3 -Cl-Na-Ca, SO 4 -Ca-Na and SO 4 -Cl-Ca-Na. Their mineralization and temperature range from several hundreds to 2500 mg/l and 23.9 to 86.3 °C, respectively. Excluding the waters from the Szymoszkowa GT-1 and Chochołów PIG-1 boreholes, the activity concentrations of the uranium and radium isotopes in the waters are relatively low and vary from decimals to above ten mBq/l and from several tens to about 600 mBq/l, respectively. They are classified as radon-poor waters. The phenomena mentioned seem to be characteristic of the waters draining limestone formations overlaying the crystalline rocks, namely the principal aquifers in the Tatras. The significant levels of the uranium and radium activity concentrations in the waters from Szymoszkowa GT-1 and Chochołów PIG-1 can be connected with the presences of Lower Triassic black shales with tuffites rich in uranium in the respective recharge areas. Comparing the parameters of the Podhale thermal waters with those of some selected thermal waters occurring in other regions of Poland and in northwest Croatia, the French Massif Central, Spanish Andalusia and north-east Tunisia, the authors found that the temperature of the thermal waters is contained between 16 and about 100 °C; the mineralization and concentrations of radionuclides vary in broad intervals and are considerably affected by the lithology and the geological structure of the region. The 226 Ra activity concentration exceeds that of 228 Ra in almost each of the thermal waters compared, which is similar to the waters from Podhale.

A number of springs in Carpathian Mts. contain dissolved H2S and SO4(2-) in concentrations above 10 mg/dm3. In this study we have investigated the sulfur isotope composition (delta34S) of the dissolved sulfur species in the springs from the flysch area in the Carpathian Mts. along the tectonic dislocation. It is believed that some of these springs may carry a major fraction of dissolved sulfur species of extremely deep sulfur (of mantle origin), which is subjected to SO4(2-)-H2S isotope exchange at high temperatures. The original isotopic compositions may be modified by reduction/oxidation at low temperatures and by admixture of sulfur from other sources. In order to distinguish the sulfur of mantle origin we investigated delta34S of dissolved sulfide and sulfate and on the basis of known concentrations we calculated delta34S of total dissolved sulfur. The isotope fractionation between sulfate and sulfide helped to distinguish the sulfur origin. Evaluating the sulfur isotope exchange, we selected 4 springs which likely have only weakly disturbed sulfur of mantle origin.

Min eral and ther a peu tic wa ters widely oc cur ring in the Pol ish Carpathians con tain a vast amount of biogenic el e ments. However, ra dio ac tive el e ments like ra dium iso topes are also found in these wa ters. This pa per pres ents the first re sults of the activ ity con cen tra tion mea sure ments of 224 Ra in se lected min eral wa ters of the Pol ish Carpathians. Ad di tion ally, the con tent of 226