Abstract:The Ophiomorpha rudis ichnosubfacies of the Nereites ichnofacies was recognized in thick-and very thickbedded sandstones of the Lower Istebna Beds (Campanian-Maastrichtian), which were deposited mainly in deep-sea clastic ramps and aprons. It contains mainly Ophiomorpha rudis (produced by deeply burrowing decapod crustaceans) and rarely Zoophycos isp. and Chondrites isp. The impoverished Paleodictyon ichnosubfacies of the Nereites ichnofacies is present in the medium-and thin-bedded packages of flysch sandwiched between the thick-and very thick-bedded sandstones. They contain Chondrites isp., Phycosiphon incertum, Planolites isp., Arthrophycus strictus, Thalassinoides isp., Ophiomorpha annulata, O. rudis, Scolicia strozzii and Helminthorhaphe flexuosa. The relatively low diversity of this assemblage is influenced by limited areas covered by muddy substrate, which favours deep-sea tracemakers, and partly by a lowered oxygenation in the sediment.

A number of springs in Carpathian Mts. contain dissolved H2S and SO4(2-) in concentrations above 10 mg/dm3. In this study we have investigated the sulfur isotope composition (delta34S) of the dissolved sulfur species in the springs from the flysch area in the Carpathian Mts. along the tectonic dislocation. It is believed that some of these springs may carry a major fraction of dissolved sulfur species of extremely deep sulfur (of mantle origin), which is subjected to SO4(2-)-H2S isotope exchange at high temperatures. The original isotopic compositions may be modified by reduction/oxidation at low temperatures and by admixture of sulfur from other sources. In order to distinguish the sulfur of mantle origin we investigated delta34S of dissolved sulfide and sulfate and on the basis of known concentrations we calculated delta34S of total dissolved sulfur. The isotope fractionation between sulfate and sulfide helped to distinguish the sulfur origin. Evaluating the sulfur isotope exchange, we selected 4 springs which likely have only weakly disturbed sulfur of mantle origin.

Al a bas ter is a rock with low hard ness, high co her ence, fine-crys tal line de vel op ment and forms an op ti cally "warm" sur face when pol ished. It has been used as a sculpt ing, dec o ra tive and ar chi tec tonic stone, of ten by civ i li za tions of the Med i ter ranean Sea Ba sin. Al a bas ter in the ar chi tec ture and sculp ture of Kraków is mainly from the Mid dle Mio cene (Badenian) and comes from de pos its within the Ukrai nian Carpathian Foredeep Ba sin, chiefly along its north ern mar gin in the "Podolia rim". It was quar ried around the mid-part of the Dnister River and its trib u tar ies, from Lviv (Lwów) to Khotyn (Chocim), and mostly at Zhuravno (¯urawno). The al a bas ter quar ried here was called Ruthenian, Pol ish, or Lvov "mar ble". Small quar ries were also lo cated at the front of the Carpathian overthrust, in clud ing the known de posit at £opuszka Wielka. The Mio cene al a bas ter has shades of white, yel low, green, brown, usu ally with dif fer ing spots or veins; of ten the rock is brecciated and partly semi-trans par ent. Al a bas ter has been quar ried in the Pol ish Re pub lic since the 16th cen tury, peak ing (also in fin ished stone prod ucts) be tween the world wars. The au thors pres ent ex am ples of al a bas ter us age in ec cle si as ti cal ed i fices of Kraków, for in stance in the Wawel Ca the dral, St. Mary's Church, the churches of Do min i can, Carmelite and Mis sion ary clergy, and also in some sec u lar build ings, e.g. the Jagiellonian Li brary.

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