Purpose
To report 3 new cases of catheter-directed endovascular application
of thrombin and explore trends by analysis of published case series.
Materials and Methods
Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective study. All
cases of non-tumoral arterial embolization performed from January 2003 to
January 2015 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Thrombin was
used in 7 of 589 cases. In 3 cases intra arterial thrombin was injected via
catheter to treat active hemorrhage. Four cases were excluded due to
percutaneous injection into visceral pseudoaneurysms (n=3) and
making ex vivo autologous clot to be injected via catheter (n=1).
Fisher’s exact and the Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to assess
for association with acute nontarget thrombosis.
Results
Catheter-directed thrombin was used in 3/589 (0.5%) cases at
our institution. All three cases were technically successful with no further
bleeding (100%). Nontarget thrombosis of proximal branches occurred
in 2 patients (67%) with no significant clinical consequences.
Including our 3 cases, a total of 28 cases were reviewed. Of the variables
examined - location (p=0.99), size (p=0.66) and etiology of
vascular lesion (p=0.92), pseudoaneurysm neck anatomy
(p=0.14), thrombin units (p=0.47), volume (p=0.76)
or technique of use of small doses (p=0.99), use of other embolic
material (p=0.67) and use of adjunct techniques (p=0.99) -
none were found to be significantly associated with acute nontarget
thrombosis. Technical success was 96% with no reports of reperfusion
after treatment.
Conclusions
Catheter-directed endovascular thrombin can be an additional tool to
treat pseudoaneurysms not amenable to conventional embolization. Further
studies are required to optimize technique and outcomes.