Treatments for Endometritis in Mares Caused by Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus: A Structured Literature Review

Li, Jing; Zhao, Yufei; Yu, Gao; Zhu, Yiping; Holyoak, G. Reed; Zeng, Shenming

doi:10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103430

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported antimicrobial susceptibility information from uterine infections of donkeys. The species and proportion of bacteria isolated in our study were different from those reported in mares [16,17,19,21,23]. Most of the included donkey samples (90%) yielded a mixed culture.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

“…E. coli, along with P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae, have been regarded as biofilm-producing microorganisms in equine endometritis [33][34][35]. All these species showed high prevalence in our study compared with previous studies reported in mares [16,17], implying that biofilm may be a potentially serious problem in endometritis in donkeys. For Acinetobacter spp., the A. lwoffii and A. schindleri were the predominant species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

“…Gentamicin and TMPS are also commonly used for the treatment of equine bacterial infections [22]. The susceptibility of gentamicin (74%) in our study was not as pronounced as has been reported before (83-96%) [16,19]. Although the use of gentamicin is still recommended, an increasing resistance to gentamicin, due to empirical treatment without the identification of antimicrobial susceptibility, should be noted.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

“…SEZ often colonize deeply in the endometrium, which may make it more difficult for the swab to collect them [42]. However, given that current studies have reported an inconsistent prevalence of SEZ using swabs for sampling, it is difficult to quantitatively determine the relative importance of SEZ in causing endometritis in donkeys [16,17,23]. Meanwhile, Staphylococcus aureus, as another identifiable pathogen in mares [16,23], was negative from the samples submitted from these donkeys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The potential connection between intrauterine and extrauterine microbiomes make it possible for pathogenic microorganisms to enter the uterus by various means, including mating, artificial insemination or urogenital veterinary examinations, and cervical defects or other failures of physical barriers to infection [7,14]. Transient endometritis can be seen as a normal physiological reaction of mares to eliminate pathogenic bacteria from the uterine lumen [15,16]. Physiologically, mares can autonomously clear the intrauterine bacteria and inflammatory responses within 48 h, while the "susceptible" mares may fail to do so, leading to dysbiotic bacterial endometritis [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Donkey Uterine Infections, 2018–2021

Zhao¹,

Zhu²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Background: Endometritis is a common reproductive disease in equine animals. No investigation about the bacterial characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of donkeys with endometritis has thus far been reported. Objectives: To determine the common uterine bacterial isolates from donkeys with endometritis and to evaluate their susceptibility to antimicrobials used for the treatment thereof. Study design: Retrospective case-series. Methods: Medical records at an equine clinical diagnostic center were retrospectively reviewed to identify submissions from donkeys with bacterial endometritis between 2018 and 2021. Data were extracted and analyzed descriptively in terms of the frequency of bacterial species, susceptibility to antimicrobials and multidrug resistance. Results: A total of 73 isolates were identified from 30 donkeys, of which 92% of the isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. Mixed cultures were found in 90% of the donkeys. The most common isolates were Escherichia coli (31.5%) and Acinetobacter spp. (21.9%). Susceptibility testing revealed that amikacin (98%), cefoxitin (95%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (78%) and gentamicin (74%) were the most efficient agents for donkeys. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was found in 20% of all bacterial isolates, of which all Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed a multidrug resistance profile. Main limitations: The sample size was relatively small, which means a bias of selection may exist. The antimicrobial resistance and MDR of agents without break points were not calculated, which means the relative results may be underestimated in our study. Conclusions: Severe infections were detected in donkeys with endometritis. Antimicrobial resistance and MDR bacteria are not rare in our study. This study demonstrated that bacteria identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are highly recommended before the treatment of uterine infections in donkeys. Further studies, including the epidemiological investigation of bacterial endometritis of donkeys, should be conducted to provide a better understanding of this critical problem.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Donkey Uterine Infections, 2018–2021

Zhao¹,

Zhu²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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Survival of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus on environmental samples is affected by material type and incubation temperature

Koirala¹,

Pantuzza

Costa

2023

Vet Res Commun

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Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus is an opportunistic pathogen associated with disease in a range of domestic and wild animals. Despite its importance, very limited data is available on its survival and persistence on the environment. The goal of this study was to evaluate survival of S. zooepidemicus under ideal culture conditions and farm-like setting, in various surface types. Rubber, plastic, wood, and concrete samples were sterilized and inoculated with 109 CFU/mL of S. zooepidemicus with or without feces, and cultured under ideal conditions (37 °C, 5% CO2) or farm-like settings (20oC on air) for a maximum period of 25 days (n = 3/material/environment/feces-group/time-point). Under ideal conditions without feces, the bacterium survived for up to 17 days on plastic and rubber surfaces, 4 days on wood and less than 1 day on concrete (P < 0.05 between materials). Samples under ideal conditions with feces and farm-like settings without feces were negative by day 1 post-inoculation, regardless of the surface material used. Wood and concrete allowed S. zooepidemicus persistence for up to 3 days under farm-like settings when feces were present. This data suggests that environmental persistence of S. zooepidemicus is affected by surface type and incubation temperature.

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Multi-locus sequence typing and in vitro antimicrobial resistance of equine Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus strains

Nocera,

Capozzi,

Simone

et al. 2023

Vet Res Commun

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Treatments for Endometritis in Mares Caused by Streptococcus equi Subspecies zooepidemicus: A Structured Literature Review

Cited by 13 publications

References 38 publications

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Donkey Uterine Infections, 2018–2021

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bacterial Isolates from Donkey Uterine Infections, 2018–2021

Survival of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus on environmental samples is affected by material type and incubation temperature

Multi-locus sequence typing and in vitro antimicrobial resistance of equine Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus strains

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