Trefoils: An unexplored natural protective shield of oral cavity

Abstract

The new mammalian growth factor peptide family consists of three peptides, TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3, which are secreted mainly from mucous epithelia with mucus gel. The predominant secretion of trefoil factor (TFF) occurs from gastric mucosal lining, small and large intestine, oral mucosal cells, and salivary glands. Research regarding trefoil factors is an immerging aspect in the dental field. The mucosal healing and restitution function describes about its novel role in case of chronic inflammatory conditions, but its expression from different tissue at different pathological condition shows its importance in immune response. At present, TFF expression has been detected from the severe periodontal diseased tissue samples. Future research from mild to moderate chronic periodontal diseased condition should be carried out to assess the protective response of TFF in gingival tissues. In future, assessment of TFF levels and its expression in oral mucosal tissues and oral secretions, such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid, will provide a negative biomarker for chronic periodontal diseases and a novel therapeutic agent in oral mucosal healing.

Trefoil factors — new markers of gastrointestinal mucosal barrier

“…Общей их характеристикой является наличие структурного домена в форме листа клевера, который способствует устойчивости трефоиловых факторов к протеолитической деградации [27]. Наибольшее количество трефоиловых факторов обнаруживается на слизистой желудочно-кишечного тракта, но они также экспрессируются в слюнных железах, желчном пузыре, дыхательной системе, молочной железе, матке, предстательной железе, конъюнктиве, щитовидной железе, в нервной системе [12,34].…”

Role of the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Periodontal Inflammation

“…For instance, trefoil factors (TFF), secreted molecules from mucous epithelia, were involved in oral protection against tissue damage and immune response [82,83]. Their expression was inluenced by cellular pO 2 levels.…”

Production of Monoclonal Antibodies against Human Trefoil Factor 3 and Development of a Modified-Sandwich ELISA for Detection of Trefoil Factor 3 Homodimer in Saliva

“…TFF peptides are secreted by mucin-producing epithelial cells [ 4 – 7 ]. Various functions of TFFs have been demonstrated including wound repair, cell migration, cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis, regeneration, neovascularization, mucin interaction and immunomodulation [ 8 – 10 ].…”

“…Our previous studies have demonstrated that TFF3 is the most abundant TFF peptide in saliva, followed by TFF1 and TFF2 [ 26 , 30 ]. TFF3 peptides have been reported to be involved in several oral biological functions [ 10 , 32 ]. It is a modifying factor for signaling pathways in cell survival, cell proliferation and cell migration of oral keratinocytes [ 33 , 34 ].…”

“…However, an explanation for the changes in the expression of TFF3 in various oral diseases remains unclear. Research regarding TFF3 is, therefore, an emerging feature in the dental field [ 10 ]. As disulfide-linked homodimeric TFF3 is involved in anti-apoptosis, the study of TFF3 homodimer expression profiles in oral secretions such as saliva and gingival crevicular fluid may bring new insights into oral biology and diseases.…”