Trends and influence factors in the prevalence, intervention, and control of metabolic syndrome among US adults, 1999–2018

Abstract

Aim We aimed to describe the trends in the prevalence, intervention, and control of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among US adults through 1999–2018. Additionally, the influence factors of MetS and its control were further explored. Methods We included participants older than 20 using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018 (n = 22,114). The rate of prevalence, intervention, and control of MetS were caculated by survey weights. Joinpoint regression and survey-weighted generalized linear models were used to analyze trends and influence factors, respectively. Results The prevalence of MetS increased from 28.23 to 37.09% during 1999–2018 (P for trend < 0.05). The former smoker (OR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.36) and current smoker (OR = 1.27, 95%CI: 1.11, 1.45) increased the prevalence of MetS. While vigorous activity (OR = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.61) decreased it. Among MetS components, the prevalence of elevated blood-glucose (from 21.18 to 34.68%) and obesity (from 44.81 to 59.06%) raised (P for trend < 0.05), with an uptrend in the use of antidiabetic (from 9.87 to 28.63%) and a downtrend of vigorous activity (from 23.79 to 16.53%) (P for trend < 0.05). Decreased trends were observed in the control of Hb1Ac (< 7%) (from 87.13 to 84.06%) and BMI (<25 kg/m2) (from 11.36 to 7.49%). Among MetS underwent antidiabetic, 45–64 years old and male decreased the control of Hb1Ac (< 7%). The control of BMI (<25 kg/m2) among individuals with physical activity was reduced mainly in the population of younger (aged 20–44 years old), male, non-Hispanic black, middle income and smoker (former and current). Conclusions The prevalence of MetS increased significantly through 1999–2018. Elevated blood glucose and obesity were the main causes of MetS burden. Quitting smoking and increasing physical activity may decrease the prevalence of MetS. In the control of blood-glucose and obesity, we should screen out the focus population to modify treatment and improve lifestyle.

Prevalence and factors associated of metabolic syndrome in first- treatment drug-naïve schizophrenia patients: a large-scale cross- sectional study

“…A meta-analysis of the association of age distribution with MetS prevalence in the general population of Bangladesh found that a 1-year increase in age was associated with a 4% increase in MetS prevalence in the general population of the characteristic age group [32]. Similarly, in national epidemiological surveys in China [25] and the United States [33], we have found that the prevalence or risk of MetS is signi cantly higher in the age group above 45 years. When looking speci cally at the population of drug naïve schizophrenia patients, we also found that the group of patients with comorbid MetS was older[28], and that the prevalence of MetS was signi cantly higher in patients with adult onset than in those with early onset [29].…”

Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Factors in Farmers in Southeastern Brazil

“…According to data from the National Health Survey (PNS), the prevalence of MS among Brazilians is 38.4%, being higher in women, individuals with low education and the elderly [3]. This overall prevalence is similar to the results of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2 (NHANES) 2011-2016, in which MS affected 34.7% of the US population [4]. Research carried out in the city of Vitória, capital of the state where the municipality of the present study is located, found that 29.8% of individuals had MS according to the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III NCEP/ATP III criteria, with no difference in sex, but with an increase to 48.3% in the age group from 55-64 years-old [5].…”

Metabolic Disorders in Liver Transplant Recipients: The State of the Art

“…The association of at least three of the following pathological conditions defines MetS: elevated waist circumference (≥88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men), elevated triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (<40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women), elevated blood pressure (≥130 mmHg systolic blood pressure or ≥85 mmHg diastolic pressure or drug treatment for arterial hypertension), and elevated fasting glucose (≥100 mg/dL or drug treatment for elevated glucose) [81]. The prevalence of MetS has increased over the years, both in the general adult population [82] and in specific subpopulations, such as patients undergoing LT [83]. Approximately half of the patients undergoing LT develop MetS within 3 years post LT [83], and the mortality rate in post-LT patients with MetS is four times higher than in those without MetS [84].…”