Trends in individual fat consumption in the UK 1900–1985

Stephen, Alison M.; Sieber, Glynis M.

doi:10.1079/bjn19940183

Cited by 37 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 69 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In this regard a number of reports have suggested that apparent trends in dietary fat are related to recent trends in, for instance, cholesterol levels or coronary heart disease incidence. 5,6 However, the present ®ndings may raise questions concerning such an ecological reasoning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…3,4,6 However, a number of countries have reported a trend suggesting a reduction in energy from fat over the past 20 y. 3 ± 6 For instance, recent data suggests that North Americans have reduced their fat intake from about 40% energy from fat to 33%, 7 the Norwegians from 40% to 34%, 8 and Finns from 38% to 34% 9 during the years between 1960 and 1990.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Do we eat less fat, or just report so?

2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJECTIVE: To examine secular trends in diet reporting error. METHODS: Dietary information was obtained from 228 Danish men and women in 1987 ± 88, and from 122 men and women in 1993 ± 94. RESULTS: Bias in dietary reporting of energy and protein intake was assessed by comparing reported intake with intake data, estimated from 24 h nitrogen output, validated by administering P-aminobenzoic acid, and estimated 24 h energy expenditure. Total energy was under-reported more than energy from protein at both surveys, suggesting that energy from other nutrients, like fat andaor carbohydrate, must have been under-reported too. There was a greater under-reporting for energy than for protein in 1993 ± 94 (29%) than in 1987 ± 88 (15%). Obesity was positively associated with under-reporting, both in 1987 ± 88 and in 1993 ± 94. CONCLUSION: The higher macro-nutrient speci®c error in 1993 ± 94 compared to 1987 ± 88 may re¯ect a trend to increasingly omitting fat andaor carbohydrate-rich foods in dietary reporting. This may be a consequence of increased awareness of diet intake, which, in turn, may be related to intensi®ed public health campaigns to reduce intake of fat andaor simple carbohydrate. These results may have consequences for our understanding of the apparent decline in dietary fat and associated health bene®ts.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do we eat less fat, or just report so?

2000

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is evidence, mainly from international ecological correlations, that high fat consumption may be a risk factor for breast cancer; in the period for which national Scottish data are available, fat consumption increased from 95 g per head per day in 1953 (MAFF, 1955) to 114 g in 1969 (MAFF, 1971), and then decreased to 89 g in 1990 (MAFF, 1991). For the period before these National Food Survey data, aggregation of data from ad hoc studies suggests that the percentage of energy in the Scottish diet derived from fat increased considerably from the 1920s (25.0%) to the 1930s (34.9%), slightly decreased in the 1940s (33.5%), but then increased in the 1950s (38.6%) (Stephen and Sieber, 1994). These early dietary trends show a considerable parallel with the breast cancer trends, especially the interruption of the upward trend during the period of rationing during and after the Second World War.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland: description and possible explanations

Swerdlow

Silva²,

Reid³

et al. 1998

Br J Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Secular and cohort trends in mortality from cancer in Scotland during 1953-93, and incidence during 1960-90, were analysed using individual records from the national mortality and registration files. For certain cancer sites, the secular analyses of mortality were extended back to 1911 by use of published data. Mortality from cancer at older ages in Scotland has increased over the last 40 years. In each sex, this trend has been dominated by the effects of smoking: all-cancer rates and rates of lung cancer, now the most common fatal cancer in men and in women in Scotland, reached a peak in the cohort of men born at the turn of the century and the cohort of women born in the 1920s. For much of the period, the Scottish all-age rates of lung cancer were the highest reported in the world; they are now decreasing on a secular basis in men, but are still increasing in women. There have also been large increases at older ages in the incidence and mortality rates for cancer of the prostate in recent years, bladder cancer, nervous system cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, myeloma and leukaemia; for each there is likely to be a considerable artefactual element to the increase, with differing degrees of possibility that there may in addition be an element of real increase. Substantial decreases in mortality at all ages have occurred for stomach and colorectal cancers and substantial increases at all ages for pleural cancer and melanoma. Rates of mortality from breast cancer, the most common cancer in women in Scotland, have generally increased over the past 80 years; a temporary cessation in this upward trend occurred in the years during and after the Second World War, and recently rates have turned downward, probably at least in part because of better treatment. Mortality from ovarian cancer, the second most common reproductive-related female tumour in Scotland, has also increased at older ages. At younger ages, mortality from cancer in Scotland has decreased, especially in men, whereas incidence has not. This divergence, which has been a consequence of better treatment, has occurred especially for cancers of the testis and ovary, Hodgkin's disease and leukaemia. There have been increases at young adult ages, however, in both mortality from and incidence of oral and pharyngeal, oesophageal and laryngeal cancers in men, and melanoma and nonHodgkin's lymphoma in each sex. Cervical cancer rates at young ages also increased, but this trend has reversed for incidence in the most recent birth cohorts. Incidence rates have also increased for testicular cancer in young adults and leukaemia in children. With the possible exceptions of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and childhood leukaemia, the increasing rates are likely largely to reflect real rises in incidence, and they highlight the need for investigation of the causes of these cancers, and, when causes are known, for preventive action. Keywords: cancer trends; incidence; mortality; Scotland Trends in cancer incidence and mortality are of interest both for epidemiology and for cli...

show abstract

“…In a recent compilation of all British studies in which measurements of individual fat intake were carred out there was, however, no evidence that fat intake has been decreasing more in women i. -1945-49 Age group (years) than in men (Stephen and Sieber, 1994). There are no data available on sex-specific trends in dietary fibre intake but recent cross-sectional studies did not show any consistent differences in fibre intake between men and women (Bingham and Cummings, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Sex differences in time trends of colorectal cancer in England and Wales: the possible effect of female hormonal factors

Silva

Swerdlow²

1996

Br J Cancer

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary Differences between the sexes in time trends of colorectal cancer incidence 1962-87 and mortality in England and Wales are examined in relation to changes in female hormonal factors. There was a trend in the sex ratio of this tumour, particularly marked for the descending colon, whereby the female excess in risk at young ages has almost disappeared but the male excess at older ages has increased. This trend started for cohorts born since the 1920s and coincided with the increase in the use of oral contraceptives and, to a lesser extent, with increases in fertility. The decline has been particularly pronounced for women at young ages born since 1935-39, coinciding with the spread of oral contraceptive use to younger age groups. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that female hormonal factors may play a role in the aetiology of colorectal cancer and with the possibility that oral contraceptive use might exert a protective effect in the descending colon.Keywords: colon cancer; rectal cancer; sex ratio; fertility; oral contraceptive; hormone Prompted by the observation that there were marked agespecific differences between men and women in the risk of colorectal cancer McMichael and Potter (1980) Potter and McMichael, 1983) have found that parity decreases the risk of colorectal cancer, which is consistent with the hypothesis. Others (e.g. Chute et al., 1991), however, have not shown such as association, and in one study (Kune et al., 1989) an association with number of children was also present in males, leading to the suggestion that this association is due to a lifestyle factor, not a female reproductive/hormonal factor. Relations to other reproductive events, such as age at first birth, age at menarche, age at menopause and exogenous oestrogen use have also been inconsistent (La Vecchia and Franceschi, 1991).Since there have been marked changes in fertility and oral contraceptive use between successive generations of women born in England and Wales, differences in time trends in the risk of these tumours between the sexes might be expected if reproductive-related factors played a role in aetiology in females. In this paper, recent sex-specific time trends in the incidence and mortality of colon (overall and by subsite) and rectal cancers in England and Wales are examined in relation to changes in reproductive variables. Materials and methodsData on colorectal cancer (International Classification of Diseases, ICD7-9: 153 and 154) (WHO, 1957(WHO, , 1967(WHO, , 1977 (Breslow and Day, 1987); results are reported as average annual percentage changes in the incidence and mortality rates during the period. Sex ratios were calculated as female-male (FM) incidence (or mortality) rate ratios. Data on female reproductive variables for successive cohorts of women born in England and Wales were extracted and recalculated as in dos Santos Silva and Swerdlow (1995).To compare changes in cancer risk for successive birth cohorts with changes in reproductive behaviour, agestandardised cohort registration...

show abstract

Trends in individual fat consumption in the UK 1900–1985

Cited by 37 publications

References 69 publications

Do we eat less fat, or just report so?

Do we eat less fat, or just report so?

Trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland: description and possible explanations

Sex differences in time trends of colorectal cancer in England and Wales: the possible effect of female hormonal factors

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About