Trends in Representation of Female Applicants and Matriculants in Canadian Residency Programs Across Specialties, 1995 to 2019

Lorello, Gianni R.; Silver, Julie K.; Moineau, Genviève; McCarthy, Kristian; Flexman, Alana M.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.27938

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…43,44 Consistent with this research, representation of residency applicants by sex has been shown to vary widely across specialties in Canada. 45 Indeed, we did find a statistically significant difference between the ratio of women in pediatrics and the baseline ratio in our cohort; in contrast, the ratio of men was higher in all surgical subspecialties compared with the cohort baseline. However, we found that women were paid less than men in nearly every specialty.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Gender-based differences in physician payments within the fee-for-service system in Ontario: a retrospective, cross-sectional study

Merali

Malhotra

Balas

et al. 2021

CMAJ

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Agender pay gap in physician incomes has been described across numerous jurisdictions. 1 Previous analy ses have found income differences between women and men in the general physician population, among academic physicians and among physicians within the same specialty, 2-8 and when controlling for years of experience, hours worked, geographic location, race and practice type. [9][10][11][12][13] Although the difference in physician income between women and men is well described in the United States, fewer studies have looked at a Canadian cohort. An analysis of surgeons in Ontario found that female surgeons earned less per hour spent operating than male surgeons, and suggested that female physicians were more likely to perform less lucrative procedures than male physicians. 14 A recent report released by the Ontario Medical Association highlighted income disparity between men and women physicians in Ontario, but did not provide a detailed breakdown by specialty. 15 Transparent and detailed reporting on gender differences in physician payments can provide data to guide advocacy for greater pay equity.In this study, we aimed to describe payments to physicians across the province of Ontario by gender when controlling for specialty choice, career stage and physician demographics. Methods ContextOntario has a publicly funded, single-payer health care system for physician services. About 70% of physician payments are paid through a fee-for-service model for claims to the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP). The remainder of physician payments come from alternative payment plans, which can consist of salaries, hourly rates, capitation models or contract-based payments. 16 A physician's salary can comprise a combination of

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 48%

Gender-based differences in physician payments within the fee-for-service system in Ontario: a retrospective, cross-sectional study

Merali

Malhotra

Balas

et al. 2021

CMAJ

Self Cite

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“…This association may be diminished when physicians treat higher volumes of patients. 60 , 61 The growing proportion of female physicians entering the Canadian workforce 62 may help to explain our finding that the mortality difference was attenuated after adjusting for other physician characteristics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Variations in Processes of Care and Outcomes for Hospitalized General Medicine Patients Treated by Female vs Male Physicians

Sergeant

Saha

Shin³

et al. 2021

JAMA Health Forum

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IMPORTANCE Hospitalized medical patients cared for by female physicians may have decreased mortality rates compared with patients of male physicians. However, this association has yet to be assessed outside of the US, and little is known about factors that may explain this difference.OBJECTIVE To determine whether mortality, other hospital outcomes, and processes of care differed between the patients cared for by female and male physicians. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients admitted to general medical wards at 7 hospitals in Ontario, Canada, between April 1, 2010, and October 31, 2017. The association of physician gender with patient outcomes was examined while adjusting for hospital fixed effects, patient characteristics, physician characteristics, and processes of care. All patients were admitted to a general internal medicine service through the emergency department and were cared for by a general internist or family physician-hospitalist. Patients were excluded if length of stay was greater than 30 days or if the attending physician cared for less than 100 hospitalized general medicine patients over the study period. Statistical analyses were performed from October 15, 2020, to May 8, 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESIn-hospital mortality, length of stay, intensive care unit admission, 30-day readmissions, and process-of-care measures (blood tests, medications, imaging, endoscopy, and interventional radiology services). RESULTSA total of 171 625 hospitalized patients with a median age of 73 years (interquartile range, 56-84 years) were included (84 221 men [49.1%], 87 402 women [50.9%], and 2 patients with unspecified sex). Patients were cared for by 172 attending physicians (54 female physicians [31.4%] and 118 male physicians [68.6%]). In fully adjusted models, female physicians ordered more imaging tests, including computed tomography

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“…Many of these are written as commentaries and perspectives pieces, providing thoughtful analyses of personal experiences and theoretical explorations of ways that dominant approaches (generally white and Euro-American-centric) constrain and limit the field [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. There are also an increasing-albeit still small-number of empirical studies examining various aspects of representation within medical education, with recent attention given to gender, sociocultural, and racial equity within academic medicine's leadership, student body, and curricula [17][18][19][20][21]. There is also growing recognition of the preponderance of authors representing English speaking and high-income countries in leading journals in many areas of academia, including health and education [12,[22][23][24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faster, higher, stronger – together? A bibliometric analysis of author distribution in top medical education journals

Whitehead

Cartmill

Rodrigues

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background Within medical education research, issues of equity, absence, and marginalization of diverse perspectives are becoming a growing area of scholarly focus. One area of absence that has been under-explored is that of published voices from low- and middle-income countries and non-English speaking scholars. Bibliometric analyses are one way to identify absences. We undertook a bibliometric analysis of five top medical education journals to determine which countries were represented in prestigious first and last authorship positions. Methods Web of Science was searched for all articles and reviews that were published between 2012 and 2018 within Academic Medicine, Medical Education, Advances in Health Sciences Education, Medical Teacher, and BMC Medical Education. Country of origin was identified for the first and last author of each publication, and the number of publications originating from each country were counted. Results Our analysis revealed a dominance of first and last authors from five countries: USA, Canada, United Kingdom, Netherlands, and Australia. Authors from these five countries had first or last authored 74% of publications. Of the 195 countries in the world, 53% were not represented by a single publication. Journals varied in their inclusion of authors from outside of these five dominant countries, with BMC Medical Education including more geographic diversity than other journals. There was a slight increase in the percentage of publications from outside of these five countries, from 22% in 2012 to 29% in 2018. Conclusions The dominance of wealthy nations within spaces that claim to be international is a finding that requires attention. As a bibliometric analysis, we were unable to unearth the reasons behind this dominance. However, we draw upon analogies from modern Olympic sport and our own collaborative research process to show how academic publishing continues to be a colonized space that advantages those from wealthy and English-speaking countries.

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Trends in Representation of Female Applicants and Matriculants in Canadian Residency Programs Across Specialties, 1995 to 2019

Cited by 26 publications

References 27 publications

Gender-based differences in physician payments within the fee-for-service system in Ontario: a retrospective, cross-sectional study

Gender-based differences in physician payments within the fee-for-service system in Ontario: a retrospective, cross-sectional study

Variations in Processes of Care and Outcomes for Hospitalized General Medicine Patients Treated by Female vs Male Physicians

Faster, higher, stronger – together? A bibliometric analysis of author distribution in top medical education journals

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