Trends in the musk xylene concentrations in plasma samples from the general population from 1992/1993 to 1998 and the relevance of dermal uptake

Käfferlein, Heiko U.; Angerer, Jürgen

doi:10.1007/s004200100257

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A few years later, the concentration of MX was detected to be 0.1 to 1.12 ng/g by Angerer in 1997 [17]. In 1999, Käfferlein [5] reported a remarkable decrease of MX concentration by comparing the values among 1992/1993 and 1998. The change was consistent with the decreased use of MX in European countries.…”

Section: Musk Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In the United States it is forbidden to add MX to cosmetic products. In 1993, the German detergent industry voluntarily stopped using MX in their products [4,5]. Now, only a small amount of MK and MX is still used, and it is reported that HHCB, AHTN, MK, and MX represent approximately 95% of the market in Europe for all nitro and polycyclic musk fragrances [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China

Shi

Niu

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-We measured two nitro musk fragrances (musk xylene) and musk ketone) and five polycyclic musk fragrances (galaxolide [HHCB], tonalide [AHTN], celestolide [ADBI], traseolide [ATII], and phantolide [AHMI]) in human blood samples from 11 cities of China (n ¼ 204). Possible temporal trends in musk concentrations and associations with personal factors, such as gender, age, and others, were studied. Galaxolide (HHCB) showed the highest median concentration (0.85 ng/g) followed by AHTN (0.53 ng/g) with high detection frequency (91 and 77%, respectively). Concentrations of the other synthetic musk fragrances, including musk ketone and musk xylene, were all below the quantification limits. The results suggested that musk concentrations were not significantly relative to gender and body weight but positively correlated with age groups and locations. Apparent differences were also observed in the ratios of HHCB to AHTN concentrations among different cities.

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Section: Musk Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China

Shi

Niu

et al. 2010

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…ADBI and AHMI were only occasionally detected, probably as result of distinctly lower production volumes of these compounds (OSPAR, 2004). That nitro musks were not detected is likely due to their phase out in the 1990s (Käfferlein and Angerer, 2001).…”

Section: Place Figure 2 Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Landfills as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air

Weinberg

Dreyer²,

Ebinghaus³

2011

Atmospheric Environment

101

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In order to investigate landfills as sources of polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and synthetic musk fragrances to the atmosphere, air samples were simultaneously taken at two landfills (one active and one closed) and two reference sites using high volume air samplers. Contaminants were accumulated on glass fiber filters (particle phase) and PUF/XAD-2/PUF cartridges (gas phase), extracted by methyl-tert butyl ether/acetone (neutral PFCs), methanol (ionic PFCs) or hexane/acetone (PBDEs, musk *Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: 101030_manuscript_landfill_oFC.doc Click here to view linked References fragrances), and detected by GC-MS (neutral PFCs, PBDEs, musk fragrances) or HPLC-MS/MS (ionic PFCs). Total concentrations ranged from 84 to 706 pg m-3 (volatile PFCs, gas phase), from

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“…Use is still high in the United States, although it is banned in products with a risk of oral uptake (e.g., lipsticks). Toxicologic data have not suggested severe health risks associated with artificial musks, although long-term carcinogenic effects cannot be ruled out (Api et al 2004; Frosch et al 1995; Käfferlein and Angerer 2001; Schmeiser et al 2001); there is also concern about accumulation in adipose tissue, blood plasma, and breast milk (Käfferlein and Angerer 2001; Liebl and Ehrenstorfer 1993; Ott et al 1999; Rimkus and Wolf 1996). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters

Luckenbach¹,

Epel²

2005

Environ Health Perspect

189

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Synthetic musk compounds, widely used as fragrances in consumer products, have been detected in human tissue and, surprisingly, in aquatic organisms such as fish and mollusks. Although their persistence and potential to bioaccumulate are of concern, the toxicity and environmental risks of these chemicals are generally regarded as low. Here, however, we show that nitromusks and polycyclic musks inhibit the activity of multidrug efflux transporters responsible for multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) in gills of the marine mussel Mytilus californianus. The IC10 (concentration that inhibits 10%) values for the different classes of musks were in the range of 0.09–0.39 μM, and IC50 values were 0.74–2.56 μM. The immediate consequence of inhibition of efflux transporters is that normally excluded xenobiotics will now be able to enter the cell. Remarkably, the inhibitory effects of a brief 2-hr exposure to musks were only partially reversed after a 24- to 48-hr recovery period in clean seawater. This unexpected consequence of synthetic musks—a long-term loss of efflux transport activity—will result in continued accumulation of normally excluded toxicants even after direct exposure to the musk has ended. These findings also point to the need to determine whether other environmental chemicals have similar long-term effects on these transporters. The results are relevant to human health because they raise the possibility that exposure to common xenobiotics and pharmaceuticals could cause similar long-term inhibition of these transporters and lead to increased exposure to normally excluded toxicants.

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Trends in the musk xylene concentrations in plasma samples from the general population from 1992/1993 to 1998 and the relevance of dermal uptake

Cited by 22 publications

References 26 publications

Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China

Occurrence of synthetic musk fragrances in human blood from 11 cities in China

Landfills as sources of polyfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and musk fragrances to ambient air

Nitromusk and Polycyclic Musk Compounds as Long-Term Inhibitors of Cellular Xenobiotic Defense Systems Mediated by Multidrug Transporters

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