Trends in Unintentional Drowning

Cummings, Peter; Quan, Linda

doi:10.1001/jama.281.23.2198

Cited by 94 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Moreover, alcohol affects coordination and increases the risk of hypothermia [45]. Therefore, reducing alcohol use in combination with water activities may prevent many of these deaths [46]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drowning deaths in Sweden with emphasis on the presence of alcohol and drugs – a retrospective study, 1992–2009

2013

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BackgroundDrowning deaths constitute a significant proportion of unnatural deaths globally. In Sweden and other high-income countries, drowning deaths have decreased. This study investigates the epidemiology and current trends of unintentional, intentional, and undetermined drowning deaths with emphasis on the presence of alcohol and other drugs.MethodsDuring an 18-years period, 5,125 drowning deaths were autopsied in Sweden. Data on cases including toxicological analysis on alcohol, pharmaceutical drugs, and illicit drugs were obtained from the National Board of Forensic Medicine.ResultsDuring the study period, the annual incidence of drowning deaths in Sweden was 3.1/100,000 inhabitants and decreased on average by about 2% each year (p<0.001). The highest incidence was found among males and in middle/older age groups. The incidence increased 3% for each year of age. Children/adolescents (≤18 years) constituted 5% of all drowning deaths. Of all drowned females in the study, 55% (847/1,547) committed suicide, which was a significantly higher proportion compared with males (21%, 763/3,578) (p<0.001). In total, 38% (1,656/4,377) of tested drowned persons had alcohol in their blood and the mean concentration was 1.8 g/l. In the unintentional drowning group, intentional drowning group, and the undetermined group, the proportion of alcohol positive was 44%, 24%, and 45%, respectively. One or several psychoactive drugs were present in the blood in 40% (1,688 /4,181) of all tested persons and in 69% (965/1,394) of tested persons who died from suicidal drowning. The most common drug was benzodiazepines (21%, 891/4,181). Illicit drugs were detected in 10% (82/854) of tested persons.ConclusionPresence of alcohol and drugs were frequent and may have contributed to the drowning deaths. The incidence of drowning deaths significantly decreased during the study period. Males and the middle/older age groups had a higher incidence compared to females and children. Suicidal drowning was common especially among women. Alcohol and drugs are significant contributors in drowning deaths in Sweden and should be considered as part of a comprehensive prevention program.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drowning deaths in Sweden with emphasis on the presence of alcohol and drugs – a retrospective study, 1992–2009

2013

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“…Specific studies of the role of medical care in the 1980s and 1990s found little evidence that improvements in clinical treatment influenced case-fatality rates for either burn injuries or drowning. 45,46 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triangulating on Success: Innovation, Public Health, Medical Care, and Cause-Specific US Mortality Rates Over a Half Century (1950–2000)

et al. 2010

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To identify successes in improving America’s health, we identified disease categories that appeared on vital statistics lists of leading causes of death in the US adult population in either 1950 or 2000, and that experienced at least a 50% reduction in age-adjusted death rates from their peak level to their lowest point between 1950 and 2000. Of the 9 cause-of-death categories that achieved this 50% reduction, literature review suggests that 7 clearly required diffusion of new innovations through both public health and medical care channels. Our nation’s health success stories are consistent with a triangulation model of innovation plus public health plus medical care, even when the 3 sectors have worked more in parallel than in partnership.

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“…For each child who dies as a result of drowning, five additional children receive care in the emergency department for a nonfatal drowning event (CDC, 2014a). Nonfatal drowning can result in brain damage and a have long-term impact on a person's life, from memory problems to learning disabilities to permanent loss of basic functions (Cummings & Quan, 1999).…”

Section: Ijare Vol 9 No 2 2015mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Factors That Influence Fear of Drowning in Children and Adolescents

Irwin¹,

Pharr²,

Irwin³

2015

IJARE

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Trends in Unintentional Drowning

Cited by 94 publications

References 29 publications

Drowning deaths in Sweden with emphasis on the presence of alcohol and drugs – a retrospective study, 1992–2009

Drowning deaths in Sweden with emphasis on the presence of alcohol and drugs – a retrospective study, 1992–2009

Triangulating on Success: Innovation, Public Health, Medical Care, and Cause-Specific US Mortality Rates Over a Half Century (1950–2000)

Understanding Factors That Influence Fear of Drowning in Children and Adolescents

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