Triacylglycerol containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA-TAG): The gap between human milk and infant formulas

Yuan, Tinglan; Zhang, Hui; Wang, Xiaosan; Yu, Renqiang; Zhou, Qin; Wei, Wei; Wang, Xingguo; Jin, Qingzhe

doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104545

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Short- and medium-chain TAGs, such as 4:0/12:0/16:0 (BuLaP), 4:0/14:0/16:0 (BuMP), and 6:0/14:0/16:0 (CoMP), were predominant in the cow milk or goat milk-based infant formulas ( 39 ). These compounds are very different from those naturally present in human milk ( 37 ). The significant differences in TAG molecular species containing MCFAs between human milk and infant formulas should be given more attention in the future, as they could lead to altered lipid metabolism and physiological health status.…”

Section: Medium-chain Fatty Acids In Human Milk and Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…MCFAs are naturally present in human milk as medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs). Particularly, it was recognized that the MCFAs mainly existed together with 16:0 and 18 FAs (18:0, 18:1 or 18:2), such as 12:0/16:0/18:1 (LaPO), 12:0/18:1/18:2 (LaOL), and 12:0/18:1/18:1 (LaOO) ( 37 ).…”

Section: Medium-chain Fatty Acids In Human Milk and Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in the Lipid Metabolism of Infants

et al. 2022

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Human breastmilk, the ideal food for healthy infants, naturally contains a high concentration of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, about 15% of total fatty acids). MCFAs are an important energy source for infants due to their unique digestive and metabolic properties. MCFA-enriched oils are widely used in an infant formula, especially the formula produced for preterm infants. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the triglyceride structure of MCFAs in human milk, their metabolism, and their effects on infant health. This study summarized the MCFA composition and structure in both human milk and infant formula. Recent studies on the nutritional effects of MCFAs on infant gut microbiota have been reviewed. Special attention was given to the MCFAs digestion and metabolism in the infants. This paper aims to provide insights into the optimization of formulations to fulfill infant nutritional requirements.

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Section: Medium-chain Fatty Acids In Human Milk and Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Medium-chain Fatty Acids In Human Milk and Infant Formulasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in the Lipid Metabolism of Infants

et al. 2022

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“…42 , 43 The MFG is a complex structure formed by a triacylglycerol (TAG) core, protected by a highly specialized membrane composed of phospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol, bioactive proteins, and long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LCPUFAs) that is unique to the human species. 24 , 42 , 44 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Odor-active volatile compounds in preterm breastmilk

et al. 2021

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Background Volatile compounds in breastmilk (BM) likely influence flavor learning and, through the cephalic phase response, metabolism, and digestion. Little is known about the volatile compounds present in preterm BM. We investigated whether maternal or infant characteristics are associated with the profile of volatile compounds in preterm BM. Methods Using solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we analyzed volatile compounds in 400 BM samples collected from 170 mothers of preterm infants. Results Forty volatile compounds were detected, mostly fatty acids and their esters (FA and FAe), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, terpenoids, alcohols, and ketones. The relative concentration of most FA and FAe increased with advancing lactation and were lower in BM of most socially deprived mothers and those with gestational diabetes (p < 0.05), but medium-chain FAs were higher in colostrum compared to transitional BM (p < 0.001). Infant sex, gestational age, and size at birth were not associated with the profile of volatile compounds in preterm BM. Conclusions Sensory-active volatile FA and FAe are the major contributors to the smell of preterm BM. The associations between lactation stage, maternal characteristics, and volatile compounds, and whether differences in volatile compounds may affect feeding behavior or metabolism, requires further research. Impact Sensory-active volatile FAs are major contributors to the smell of preterm BM and are influenced by the lactation stage and maternal characteristics. Longitudinal analysis of volatile compounds in preterm BM found that FAs increased with advancing lactation. Colostrum had a higher concentration of medium-chain FAs compared to transitional BM and the concentration of these is associated with socioeconomic status, gestational diabetes, and ethnicity.

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“…Naturally, MCFAs are present in HMF in the form of medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs). The main composition of TAGs is one MCFA and two long-chain fatty acids (MLL type) ( 4 , 111 ). MCFAs in HMF mostly consist of lauric acid (C12:0), a small amount of capric acid (C10:0) and caprylic acid (C8:0) ( 112 ).…”

Section: Current Development Of Hmfs Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Fat Substitute - A Review on Technological Approaches

Hasibuan

Sitanggang

Andarwulan

et al. 2021

Food Technol. Biotechnol. (Online)

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Human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a structured lipid designed to resemble human milk fat. It contains 60-70 % palmitic acid at the sn-2 position and unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-1,3 positions in triacylglycerol structures. HMFS is synthesized by the enzymatic interesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats, or blend of oils. The efficiency of HMFS synthesis can be enhanced through the selection of appropriate substrates, enzymes, and reaction methods. This review focuses on the synthesis of HMFS by lipase-catalyzed interesterification. This work provides a detailed overview of biocatalysts, substrates, synthesis methods, factors influencing the synthesis, and purification process of HMFS. Major challenges and future research in the synthesis of HMFS are also discussed. This review can be used as an information for developing future strategies in producing HMFS.

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Triacylglycerol containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA-TAG): The gap between human milk and infant formulas

Cited by 25 publications

References 52 publications

Role Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in the Lipid Metabolism of Infants

Role Medium-Chain Fatty Acids in the Lipid Metabolism of Infants

Odor-active volatile compounds in preterm breastmilk

Enzymatic Synthesis of Human Milk Fat Substitute - A Review on Technological Approaches

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