Trial-by-trial switching between procedural and declarative categorization systems

Crossley, Matthew J.; Roeder, Jessica L.; Hélie, Sébastien; Ashby, F. Gregory

doi:10.1007/s00426-016-0828-4

Cited by 11 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…We have previously speculated that system switching may be mediated via the hyperdirect pathway of the basal ganglia (Ashby & Crossley, 2010; Crossley & Ashby, 2015; Crossley et al, in press). The hyperdirect pathway begins with direct excitatory glutamate projections from frontal cortex to the subthalamic nucleus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical control of procedural and declarative category-learning systems

2017

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Substantial evidence suggests that human category learning is governed by the interaction of multiple qualitatively distinct neural systems. In this view, procedural memory is used to learn stimulus-response associations, and declarative memory is used to apply explicit rules and test hypotheses about category membership. However, much less is known about the interaction between these systems: how is control passed between systems as they interact to influence motor resources? Here, we used fMRI to elucidate the neural correlates of switching between procedural and declarative categorization systems. We identified a key region of the cerebellum (left Crus I) whose activity was bidirectionally modulated depending on switch direction. We also identified regions of the default mode network (DMN) that were selectively connected to left Crus I during switching. We propose that the cerebellum—in coordination with the DMN—serves a critical role in passing control between procedural and declarative memory systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical control of procedural and declarative category-learning systems

2017

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“…More recently, Crossley et al ( 2017 ) published a new experiment again using disks with sine-wave gratings but this time adding back the background color cue and separate response buttons (4 categories) used in Erickson ( 2008 ). Crossley et al used more training trials, and obtained a proportion of switchers close to 40%, which is higher than Ashby and Crossley ( 2010 ) and close to Erickson ( 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…System-switching would be a special case of task-switching in which each task relies on a different categorization system. To explore this possibility, Crossley et al ( 2017 ) also included a condition in which participants needed to switch between two different declarative strategies. The results showed that the switch cost was smaller when switching within the declarative system compared to switching between a declarative and a procedural system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practice and Preparation Time Facilitate System-Switching in Perceptual Categorization

Hélie

2017

Front. Psychol.

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Mounting evidence suggests that category learning is achieved using different psychological and biological systems. While existing multiple-system theories and models of categorization may disagree about the number or nature of the different systems, all assume that people can switch between systems seamlessly. However, little empirical data has been collected to test this assumption, and recent available data suggest that system-switching is difficult. The main goal of this article is to identify factors influencing the proportion of participants who successfully learn to switch between procedural and declarative systems on a trial-by-trial basis. Specifically, we tested the effects of preparation time and practice, two factors that have been useful in task-switching, in a system-switching experiment. The results suggest that practice and preparation time can be beneficial to system-switching (as calculated by a higher proportion of switchers and lower switch costs), especially when they are jointly present. However, this improved system-switching comes at the cost of a larger button-switch interference when changing the location of the response buttons. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for empirical research on system-switching and theoretical work on multiple-systems of category learning.

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“…For example, it is assumed that there is a bias toward the verbal system, with humans biased to spontaneously form task-sets. Switch costs may reflect the cognitively demanding process of reconfiguring between task-sets (Koch et al, 2018), while category learning also assumes that switching between the categorization systems is subject to interference (Crossley et al, 2018). At what point do these systems differ?…”

Section: Relationship To Category Learningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Task Structure Formation Results in a Cost to Incidental Memory of Task Stimuli

Bejjani

Egner

2019

Front. Psychol.

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Humans are characterized by their ability to leverage rules for classifying and linking stimuli to context-appropriate actions. Previous studies have shown that when humans learn stimulus-response associations for two-dimensional stimuli, they implicitly form and generalize hierarchical rule structures (task-sets). However, the cognitive processes underlying structure formation are poorly understood. Across four experiments, we manipulated how trial-unique images mapped onto responses to bias spontaneous task-set formation and investigated structure learning through the lens of incidental stimulus encoding. Participants performed a learning task designed to either promote task-set formation (by "motor-clustering" possible stimulus-action rules), or to discourage it (by using arbitrary category-response mappings). We adjudicated between two hypotheses: Structure learning may promote attention to task stimuli, thus resulting in better subsequent memory. Alternatively, building tasksets might impose cognitive demands (for instance, on working memory) that divert attention away from stimulus encoding. While the clustering manipulation affected task-set formation, there were also substantial individual differences. Importantly, structure learning incurred a cost: spontaneous task-set formation was associated with diminished stimulus encoding. Thus, spontaneous hierarchical task-set formation appears to involve cognitive demands that divert attention away from encoding of task stimuli during structure learning.

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Trial-by-trial switching between procedural and declarative categorization systems

Cited by 11 publications

References 42 publications

Hierarchical control of procedural and declarative category-learning systems

Hierarchical control of procedural and declarative category-learning systems

Practice and Preparation Time Facilitate System-Switching in Perceptual Categorization

Spontaneous Task Structure Formation Results in a Cost to Incidental Memory of Task Stimuli

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