Tribological assessment of rice husk ash in eco-friendly brake friction materials

Gehlen, Gustavo da Silva; Nogueira, Ana Paula Gomes; Carlevaris, Davide; Barros, L.Y.; Poletto, Jean Carlos; Lasch, G.; Straffelini, Giovanni; Ferreira, Ney Francisco; Neis, Patric Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.wear.2022.204613

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…According to data from FAOSTAT for the year 2022 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2022), Mainland China's rice production was quantified at 7.08 tonnes/ha, with a harvested area reaching 29.45 million ha, culminating in a total rice output of approximately 208.5 million tonnes. Based on the estimation that, on average, 20% of the rice's weight is attributed to rice husks (Gehlen et al., 2023), it can be deduced that the total production of rice husks in Mainland China for the year 2022 amounted to 41.7 million tonnes. Our results show that approximately 3 tonnes of rice husk biomass can produce 1 tonne of biochar, which can be subsequently used to produce approximately 4 tonnes of RHBF.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulating new types of rice husk biochar‐based fertilizers for the simultaneous slow‐release of nutrients and immobilization of cadmium

Tan,

Xu,

Liao

et al. 2024

GCB Bioenergy

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China, as a significant global consumer of chemical fertilizers and a leading producer of rice, faces challenges associated with low fertilizer efficiency and fewer utilization options of rice husks. The development of rice husk biochar‐based fertilizers (RHBF) offers a strategic solution to address these issues. In this study, diverse biochar fertilizer production techniques were used to develop four types of fertilizers: blended RHBF, soaked RHBF, high‐pressure soaked RHBF, and pure rice husk biochar coated fertilizer. The nutrients slow‐releasing performance of these four RHBF were compared by hydrostatic and soil column intermittent leaching methods. Effects of their application on rice growth, yield, and cadmium reduction potential were analyzed and compared by the pot trial. Results demonstrated that nutrients of the four RHBF were generally released slower in the soil compared with the conventional compound fertilizer (CK). The slow nutrient release effect was more pronounced under high‐pressure soaked RHBF. Notably, in the soil column leaching experiment, the cumulative leaching rates of nitrogen and K2O for RHBF3 (12.0% and 13.9%) were greatly lower than those of CK (42.3% and 51.3%). Moreover, the application of RHBF induced a marked enhancement in the nutrient use efficiency, grain yield, harvest index, and photosynthetic characteristics compared to CK. The average agronomic efficiency of P2O5 for the four RHBF increased by 102.8% compared with CK, while the average grain yield of the four RHBF increased by 20.6%. In addition, RHBF showed a significant reduction in Cd mobilization by an average of 80.1% compared to CK. This study offers a promising model for enhancing the comprehensive performance of RHBF and optimizing traditional fertilizer application practices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formulating new types of rice husk biochar‐based fertilizers for the simultaneous slow‐release of nutrients and immobilization of cadmium

Tan,

Xu,

Liao

et al. 2024

GCB Bioenergy

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“…Its lubricating properties are great. minimizes the noise of the brakes [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. Friction Modifier Al2O3 10…”

Section: Materials Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Comparison of Manufacturing Parameters in Automotive Friction Materials

Akbulut,

Mutlu

2024

International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology

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In this study, a fixed automotive friction material content was determined and the mechani-cal and tribological effects of manufacturing parameters on friction materials were investigat-ed. Parameters; pre-forming time (1-3-5 min) and pre-forming pressure (8-10-12 MPa), hot pressing time (5-10-15 min) hot pressing pressure (8-10-12 MPa) and hot pressing temperature (125-150-175 °C), curing time (4-8-12 h) and curing temperature (120-150-180 °C) were de-termined. The friction test of the produced samples was carried out under 0.551 MPa pressure and 7 m/s rotation speed for 90 min. In addition, the average COF, friction stability, specific wear rate, density and hardness values of the samples were calculated. According to the results obtained, the average COF value increased as the pre-forming time and pressure increased. With the increase in hot pressing time, the tribological properties of friction materials improved. Although there was an increase in the average COF value with increasing hot pressing pressure and temperature, the specific wear rates increased in these parameters. The specific wear rate increased with the increase in curing time and temperature. The highest specific wear rate among all samples was obtained in the sample cured at 180 °C. Finally, it has been suggested that 3 min for pre-forming time, 12 MPa for pre-forming pressure; 15 min for hot pressing time, 12 MPa for hot pressing pressure, and 150°C for hot pressing temperature; and a curing time of 8 h and curing temperature of 150 °C may be sufficient.

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“…In contrast to other natural fibers, rice husk contains a significant amount of amorphous silica, potentially affecting brake pads’ tribological properties. Thus, utilizing rice husks to produce BFMs has the potential to produce a more eco-friendly and long-lasting alternative to conventional BFMs (asbestos) [ 18 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. In addition to rice husk, various other ceramic materials, either fibers or particles, have been incorporated into the matrix to produce BFMs [ 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method

Irawan,

Fitriyana,

Siregar

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Brake friction materials (BFMs) have a critical role in ensuring the safety as well as the reliability of automotive braking systems. However, traditional BFMs, typically made from asbestos, are associated with environmental and health concerns. Therefore, this results in a growing interest in developing alternative BFMs that are eco-friendly, sustainable, and cost-effective. This study investigates the effect of varying concentrations of epoxy, rice husk, alumina (Al2O3), and iron oxide (Fe2O3) on the mechanical and thermal properties of BFMs prepared using the hand layup method. In this study, the rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 were filtered through a 200-mesh sieve. Note that the BFMs were fabricated using different combinations and concentrations of the materials. Their mechanical properties, such as density, hardness, flexural strength, wear resistance, and thermal properties, were investigated. The results suggest that the concentrations of the ingredients significantly influence the mechanical and thermal properties of the BFMs. A specimen made from epoxy, rice husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 with concentrations of 50 wt.%, 20 wt.%, 15 wt.%, and 15 wt.%, respectively, produced the best properties for BFMs. On the other hand, the density, hardness, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and wear rate values of this specimen were 1.23 g/cm3, 81.2 Vickers (HV), 57.24 MPa, 4.08 GPa, and 8.665 × 10−7 mm2/kg. In addition, this specimen had better thermal properties than the other specimens. These findings provide valuable insights into developing eco-friendly and sustainable BFMs with suitable performance for automotive applications.

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Tribological assessment of rice husk ash in eco-friendly brake friction materials

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Formulating new types of rice husk biochar‐based fertilizers for the simultaneous slow‐release of nutrients and immobilization of cadmium

Formulating new types of rice husk biochar‐based fertilizers for the simultaneous slow‐release of nutrients and immobilization of cadmium

Experimental Comparison of Manufacturing Parameters in Automotive Friction Materials

Influence of Varying Concentrations of Epoxy, Rice Husk, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 on the Properties of Brake Friction Materials Prepared Using Hand Layup Method

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