Trichinella spiralis: shaping the immune response

Abstract

The co-evolution of a wide range of helminth parasites and vertebrates represented a constant pressure on the host's immune system and a selective force for shaping the immune response. Modulation of the immune system by parasites is accomplished partly by dendritic cells. When exposed to helminth parasites or their products, dendritic cells do not become classically mature and are potent inducers of Th2 and regulatory responses. Treating animals with helminths (eggs, larvae, extracts) causes dampening or in some cases prevention of allergic or autoimmune diseases. Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) possess a capacity to retune the immune cell repertoire, acting as a moderator of the host response not only to itself but also to third party antigens. In this review, we will focus on the ability of T. spiralis-stimulated dendritic cells to polarize the immune response toward Th2 and regulatory mode in vitro and in vivo and also on the capacity of this parasite to modulate autoimmune disease--such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.

Cloning and characterization of thioredoxin peroxidases from Trichinella spiralis

“…The TsTPX2 and TsTPX3 genes were up-regulated in the Ad3 stage of T. spiralis, as detected by qRT-PCR. During primary infection with T. spiralis (first 1-2 days), the parasite mainly elicits Th1-type host response (Ilic et al, 2012). However, Trichinella then stimulates dendritic cells (DCs) to shift the immune response to a predom- Fig.…”

“…inantly Th2 response at 3 days after infection (Ilic et al, 2012). Several TsTPXs were shown to drive a Th2 response through alternatively activated macrophages (Donnelly et al, 2005;Donnelly et al, 2008).…”

Nonencapsulated Trichinella pseudospiralis Infection Impairs Follicular Helper T Cell Differentiation with Subclass-Selective Decreases in Antibody Responses

“…A second immunization was performed in the same manner as the primary immunization 10 days later. In the NP-KLH immunization, 10 g of NP 14 -KLH (Biosearch Technologies Inc., Novato, CA) was absorbed in alum and inoculated into mice intraperitoneally. In some experiments, naive OT-II TCR T cells (Thy1.1 Ϫ Thy1.2 ϩ ) were purified from spleen cells of OT-II TCR Tg mice using a naive CD4 ϩ T cell purification kit (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany) and 1 ϫ 10 6 purified OT-II T cells were adaptively transferred into Thy1.1 mice previously infected with T. pseudospiralis 10 days before.…”

“…IL-6 signaling, IL-21 signaling, and inducible costimulator (ICOS) signaling are critical mediators for Tfh cell differentiation. Several studies have indicated that Trichinella infection affects Th1 as well as Th2 responses (14,15), whereas the influence of trichinellosis on Tfh responses has not yet been assessed.…”

Secretory Products ofTrichinella spiralisMuscle Larvae and Immunomodulation: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies, and Malignancies

“…The muscle phase of the infection is further characterized by the existence of Treg cells. It is likely that chronic stimulation through ES L1 released into the circulation during the muscle phase of T. spiralis infection can activate regulatory network elements as guardians of homeostasis [9]. Immune events orchestrated by Th2 and Treg cell types can successfully modulate the immune response of the host [10].…”