“…We report, for the first time, the negative effects of endoparasitic microsporidian infection on life history in a damselfly model for eco-evolutionary research, I. elegans. Other insects [8,22,25,41], including odonates (suborder Anisoptera: Aeschna viridis [17], Orthetrum albistylum speciosum [20], Aeschna grandis and Libellula quadrimaculata [18,42], Tholymis tillarga [43], Tramea limbata [44]; suborder Zygoptera: Calopteryx virgo [45], Coenagrion pulchellum [46] C. hastulatum [19]) were reported to carry this pathogen; however, these results were based mainly on observational, not experimental, studies. Hence, previous results could not directly answer the question of whether parasites or other factors caused reductions in host fitness.…”