Trigonelline in mature seeds and developing seedlings of Glycine max

Abstract

Trigonelline (TRG) is known as a compatible solute in response to stress as well as a cell cycle regulator, and is more concentrated in legumes than other non-legume dicots. Four Glycine max L. genotypes (Essex, ExF 67, Forrest and Stressland) were used to examine TRG concentration in seeds and seedlings exposed to 30 or 100 mM NaCl, and to determine the association of TRG concentrations in seedlings with seedling growth. Seed germination across genotypes was inhibited by elevated salinity (71 -91 %) in ExF 67 and Forrest and by accelerated aging (77 -92 %) in Forrest. Length of seedlings in most genotypes stressed with NaCl apparently decreased. The TRG content in mature seeds of four genotypes was 44.4 -74.6 µg g -1 (d.m.). TRG content significantly increased during early young seedling development, but remained or significantly reduced in some genotypes stressed with NaCl.

Determination of betaines in vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis tandem mass spectrometry – application to the detection of olive oil adulteration with seed oils

“…However, only the presence of glycine betaine was detected in a concentration of 0.11 mg/100 g olive oil [24], whereas proline betaine and trigonelline were not detected [23,25]. On the other hand, trigonelline has been identified in sunflower seeds and soybean seeds by CE-UV [25], UV-Vis spectrophotometry [26] and HPLC-UV [27], while in corn seeds, both trigonelline and glycine betaine have been identified by HPLC-UV [23] and MS [28][29][30]. With respect to carnitine, it has been radioisotopic determined in olives, showing a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 g [31].…”

Secondary metabolites during early development in plants

“…Seedling Toppel et al (1988) Cytisus scoparius Lupanine, 13-hydroxylupanine, 13-tigloyloxylupanine, tetrahydrohombifoline, 17-oxosparteine, (-)-3b-hydroxy13a-tigloyloxylupanine Seedling Wink and Witte (1985), Saito et al (1994) Datura innoxia Atropine, scopolamine Seedling Petri (1982) Festuca pratensis Loline Seedling Justus et al (1997) Glycine max Trigonelline Seedling Cho et al (2008) Heimia salicifolia Phenylquinolizidines (2-hydroxy-4-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) quinolizidines (3 and 9a) Seedling Rother and Schwarting (1975) Hordeum distichum Hydroxamic acids Seedling Argandoña et al (1980) Hordeum vulgare Gramine, hordenine, N-methyltyramine Germination, Seedling Leete andMarion (1954), Tyler (1958), Mann et al (1963), Lovett (1993), Å hman et al (2000), Matsuo et al (2001) Laburnun anagyroides Cytisine, N-methylcytisine, 5,6 dehydrolupanine, anagyrine, lupanine, rhombifoline, 13-hydroxyanagyrine, N-metilcytisine, ammondendrine Seedling Wink and Witte (1985) Lupinus albus Albine, a-isolupanine, lupanine, 13-hydroxylupanine, 13-angeloyloxylupanine, 13-tigloyloxylupanine, 13-benzoyloxylupanine, angustifoline, 17-oxolupanine, N-methylalbine, multiflorine Germination Wink (1983), Wink and Witte (1985), de la Cuadra et al (1994), de Cortes et al (2005 13-Tigloyloxylupanine, lupanine Seedling Wink (1983) Lupinus angustifolius Ester 13-tigloyloxylupanine Germination de Cortes et al (2005) Phytochem Rev biosynthesis studies); the indole alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus, studied by a group led by V. de Luca; and the benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Papaveraceae and Berberidaceae, studied by a group led by P. Facchini circa 1990. In recent decades, the studies of chemical ecology that explain the function of hydroxamic acids against herbivorous aphids during the early development of wheat, barley, and maize (*20) and the allelopathic activity of Lupinus alkaloids (*15) are notable due to their abundance.…”

Determination of Trigonelline in Seeds and Vegetable Oils by Capillary Electrophoresis as a Novel Marker for the Detection of Adulterations in Olive Oils

“…What is more, in coffee beans, which present the highest content of trigonelline, it has been determined widely (6,8,13,14,16,18,20). Finally, trigonelline was also found in a considerable quantity in soy seeds and seedlings (5,17).…”

“…Several methods have been reported for the determination of trigonelline, most of them employing a derivatization step. Thus, UV spectrophotometry , mass spectrometry (MS) , high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) with UV detection , high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection − including methods with a previous derivatization with 2-naphthacyl trifluoromethane sulfonate , or phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) , , , HPLC coupled to MS , , and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV detection and derivatization with p -bromophenacyl ester have been employed. The described methods were applied both to plants , , , and to foods , , , − , .…”

“…Thus, UV spectrophotometry (5), mass spectrometry (MS) (6), highperformance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) with UV detection (7), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18) including methods with a previous derivatization with 2-naphthacyl trifluoromethane sulfonate (12,15) or phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) (10,11,17), HPLC coupled to MS (19,20), and capillary electrophoresis (CE) with UV detection and derivatization with p-bromophenacyl ester (21) have been employed. The described methods were applied both to plants (7,9,19,21) and to foods (5,6,8,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)20).…”