Trimethylamine content in vaginal secretion and its relation to bacterial vaginosis

Abstract

The presence of a fishy odor emanating from women who present with a malodorous vaginal discharge is well known. The odor is due to bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine (TMA) in vaginal secretion. The release of TMA from specimens of vaginal fluid following the addition of alkali is often used in making a clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV). We now report a sensitive gas chromatographic method for analysis and quantification of TMA in vaginal fluid in which weighed samples were used. In addition, a proper diagnosis of BV was obtained using Gram-stained smears of the vaginal fluid according to the method of Nugent et al. (R. P. Nugent et al., J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:297-301). We also diagnosed BV according to Hallén et al. (A. Hallén et al. Genitourin Med 1987;63:386-9). TMA was present in all women with a Nugent score between 7 and 10 and in almost all women diagnosed with BV according to the method of Hallén et al. TMA was not found or was only found in very low concentrations in vaginal fluid from women with Nugent scores of 0 to 3. TMA was also found in four women with a negative sniff test. It seems that high levels of TMA in samples of vaginal fluid are typical for BV regardless of the scoring method used for diagnosis. However, low levels of TMA, <5 microg/g vaginal fluid, do not always correlate with BV.

The scent of human diseases: a review on specific volatile organic compounds as diagnostic biomarkers

“…Most bacterial infections of the vagina are known to have a fishy odour, which is due to bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethyliamines in vaginal secretion …”

“…Most bacterial infections of the vagina are known to have a fishy odour, which is due to bacterial reduction of trimethylamine oxide to trimethyliamines in vaginal secretion. [117,118] Bacterial vaginosis might also have a foul smell from diamines (cadaverine and putrescine) as a result of bacterial breakdown. [119]…”

Point-of-care (POC) diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) using VGTest™ ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) in a routine ambulatory care gynecology clinic

“…Polyamines, known to modulate or even stimulate normal cell growth and viability at the level of translation by RNApolyamine complexes [21], are present at increased levels in vaginitis [18,[22][23][24][25][26] and likely involved in the maintenance of the BV biofilm. When left untreated BV may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infection of the uterus, complications during pregnancy, preterm birth and increased risk of HIV infection [11,14,19,27,28].…”

Rapid Detection of Sialidase Activity for the Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis

“…Alternative diagnostic techniques, such as gas-liquid chromatography and liquid preparation Papanicolaou smears, have been suggested as alternatives to standardized Gram stain methodology due to their practical advantage (Davis et al, 1997;Lamont et al, 1999;Wolrath et al, 2002;Barouti et al, 2013;Nenadić et al, 2015;Martínez-Girón et al, 2017).…”