‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion’ Pepper is the World’s Hottest Measured Chile Pepper at More Than Two Million Scoville Heat Units

Bosland, Paul W.; Coon, Danise; Reeves, Gregory

doi:10.21273/horttech.22.4.534

Cited by 53 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Of the 20 accessions with the highest capsaicinoid contents, eight were C. frutescens , seven were C. chinense , and five accessions were C. annuum . The three most pungent accessions, ‘Habanero’, ‘9007’ and ‘Spain 5’, were all accessions of C. chinense , which is well known for its pungency (Bosland and Baral, ; Bosland et al ., ; Canto‐Flick et al ., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The three most pungent accessions, 'Habanero', '9007' and 'Spain 5', were all accessions of C. chinense, which is well known for its pungency (Bosland and Baral, 2007;Bosland et al, 2012;Canto-Flick et al, 2008). We analysed the association of SNPs with the capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and total capsaicinoid contents using GWAS.…”

Section: Gwas For Capsaicinoid Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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QTL mapping and GWAS reveal candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in Capsicum

Han

Lee

et al. 2018

Plant Biotechnology Journal

135

102

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SummaryCapsaicinoids are unique compounds produced only in peppers (Capsicum spp.). Several studies using classical quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping and genomewide association studies (GWAS) have identified QTLs controlling capsaicinoid content in peppers; however, neither the QTLs common to each population nor the candidate genes underlying them have been identified due to the limitations of each approach used. Here, we performed QTL mapping and GWAS for capsaicinoid content in peppers using two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations and one GWAS population. Whole‐genome resequencing and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) were used to construct high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) maps. Five QTL regions on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 10 were commonly identified in both RIL populations over multiple locations and years. Furthermore, a total of 109 610 SNPs derived from two GBS libraries were used to analyse the GWAS population consisting of 208 C. annuum‐clade accessions. A total of 69 QTL regions were identified from the GWAS, 10 of which were co‐located with the QTLs identified from the two biparental populations. Within these regions, we were able to identify five candidate genes known to be involved in capsaicinoid biosynthesis. Our results demonstrate that QTL mapping and GBS‐GWAS represent a powerful combined approach for the identification of loci controlling complex traits.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gwas For Capsaicinoid Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

QTL mapping and GWAS reveal candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in Capsicum

Han

Lee

et al. 2018

Plant Biotechnology Journal

135

102

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“…It is likely that through anthropogenic influences and long separation from the South American mainland, new varieties have arisen displaying useful plant adaptations and desirable fruit traits. Recent molecular studies revealed the importance of the Caribbean as an important region of this species' diversification (Moses and Umaharan, 2012) as well as a region containing some of the most aromatic pungent peppers in the world (Bosland et al, 2012;Gibbs and O'Garro, 2004;Holder, 2008). As a known region of diversity for C. chinense, the Caribbean varieties could be potentially useful sources of variation in agronomically important traits, e.g., early flowering and fruiting, desired fruit quality traits, suitable plant growth habit, and disease resistance, among others.…”

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confidence: 99%

Fruit Trait Variation in a Caribbean Germplasm Collection of Aromatic Hot Peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

Bharath¹,

Cilas²,

Umaharan³

2013

horts

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Aromatic hot peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) are an important agricultural commodity for many small-scale farmers in the Caribbean because it is a commercially viable crop and one that is integral to the cuisines of the region. The large variation in fruit shape, size, color, pungency, and aroma of this species facilitates a diverse range of uses. Using 264 accessions from a Caribbean germplasm collection (representing primarily the Caribbean Basin, Central and South America), this study investigated 1) morphological variation in 13 fruit descriptors of agro-economic importance; and 2) morphological groups based on geographic origin. All 13 fruit descriptors showed significant variation. Fruit color [immature (six states) and mature (12 states)] was the most diverse qualitative fruit trait. Among the quantitative traits, fruit weight and fruit width showed the highest broad-sense heritability (0.81), and fruit weight was highly correlated with fruit width and placenta size. Cluster analysis revealed four main clusters, which did not show a clear separation of accessions based on major geographic regions, but there was a highly significant association (P < 0.0001) between geographic subgroups and the clusters to which they were assigned. Most accessions of the Northern Caribbean (particularly the Bahamas and Puerto Rico) separated quite distinctly from most accessions of the Southern Caribbean and clustered with most accessions of Central and South America. Accessions of the Southern Caribbean (Lesser Antilles, Trinidad & Tobago) were substantially more similar to each other than they were to most accessions of Central and South America, thereby suggesting genetic differences between accessions of the Southern Caribbean islands and the mainland populations. Collectively, the results show that this germplasm collection contains useful accessions with desired fruit quality traits and a level of genetic variation that can be used to encourage its active conservation and use for further evaluation trials and crop improvement as well as guide ongoing complementary germplasm introductions to augment the collection’s diversity.

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“…pericarp [7]. Previous studies have reported that more than 23 types of capsaicinoids were found in peppers [8,9]. Both capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were the most abundant capsaicinoids, representing 91% of the total capsacinoids content [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic analysis of the Capsicum ERF transcription factor family: identification of regulatory factors involved in the regulation of species-specific metabolites

Song

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract Background: ERF transcription factors (TFs) belong to the Apetala2/Ethylene responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) TF family and play a vital role in plant growth and development processes. Capsorubin and capsaicinoids have relatively high economic and nutritional value, and they are specifically found in Capsicum. However, there is little understanding of how ERFs participate in the regulatory networks of capsorubin and capsaicinoids biosynthesis. Results: In this study, a total of 142 ERFs were identified in the Capsicum annuum genome. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis allowed us to divide ERFs into DREB (dehydration responsive element binding proteins) and ERF subfamilies, and further classify them into 11 groups with several subgroups. Expression analysis of biosynthetic pathway genes and CaERFs facilitated the identification of candidate genes related to the regulation of capsorubin and capsaicinoids biosynthesis; the candidates were focused in cluster C9 and cluster C10, as well as cluster L3 and cluster L4, respectively. The expression patterns of CaERF82, CaERF97, CaERF66, CaERF107 and CaERF101, which were found in cluster C9 and cluster C10, were consistent with those of accumulating of carotenoids (β-carotene, zeaxanthin and capsorubin) in the pericarp. In cluster L3 and cluster L4, the expression patterns of CaERF102, CaERF53, CaERF111 and CaERF92 were similar to those of the accumulating capsaicinoids. Furthermore, CaERF92, CaERF102 and CaERF111 were found to be potentially involved in temperature-mediated capsaicinoids biosynthesis. Conclusion: This study will provide an extremely useful foundation for the study of candidate ERFs in the regulation of carotenoids and capsaicinoids biosynthesis in peppers.

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‘Trinidad Moruga Scorpion’ Pepper is the World’s Hottest Measured Chile Pepper at More Than Two Million Scoville Heat Units

Cited by 53 publications

References 11 publications

QTL mapping and GWAS reveal candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in Capsicum

QTL mapping and GWAS reveal candidate genes controlling capsaicinoid content in Capsicum

Fruit Trait Variation in a Caribbean Germplasm Collection of Aromatic Hot Peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

Systematic analysis of the Capsicum ERF transcription factor family: identification of regulatory factors involved in the regulation of species-specific metabolites

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