Triple targeting host–guest drug delivery system based on lactose-modified azocalix[4]arene for tumor ablation

Abstract

Host-guest drug delivery systems (HGDDSs) have been studied in an effort to modify the characteristics of therapeutic agents by noncovalent interactions, reduce toxic side effects and improve therapeutic effects. However,...

Supramolecular Integration of Multifunctional Nanomaterial by Mannose-Decorated Azocalixarene with Ginsenoside Rb1 for Synergistic Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…Mannose-modified azophenol (ManAPhOH) was synthesized by the similar reactions, see Figures S8 & S9). , Mannose, which is key for macrophage targeting and phenotype induction, was modified at the upper rim of azocalixarene. Structurally, hydrophilic mannose modifications formed amphiphilic ManAC4A, which spontaneously assembled into nanoparticles.…”

Hypoxia-Responsive Host–Guest Drug Delivery System

“…Azocalixarenes display a broad absorption peak around 370 nm attributed to the n –π* transitions of the azo groups . Upon adding sodium dithionite (SDT, a chemical mimic of azoreductase), ,,, DT-diaphorase (an azoreductase), and rat liver microsomes (mimicking the hypoxia-like living system which contains redox enzymes), , azocalixarene lost its characteristic yellow color and azo absorption disappearance was observed (Figures b, c), indicating the hypoxia response. This property was also observed in living cells; aminocalixarene was detected from the supernatants of the cell lysate under hypoxic conditions …”

“…23,24,27,28,30,31 We then present the sensitive hypoxia-responsiveness of azocalixarenes, ensuring fast drug release when needed. In the sixth part, we outline the effective treatment of various diseases, such as tumors, 23,27,28,32,33 bacterial infection, 29 kidney injury, 26 and inflammation, 31 using azocalixarene-based HGDDSs. Finally, the opportunities and perspectives of hypoxia-responsive HGDDSs are summarized.…”

“…Second, we present the facile preparation of azocalixarenes as drug carriers and build a carrier toolbox benefiting from the broad design space of calixarenes. − Third, we highlight the universality of azocalixarenes as drug delivery carriers, characterized by their high affinities and entrapment percentages toward multiple drugs, and their capacity to improve the physiochemical properties of drugs upon encapsulation. ,,,,, We then present the sensitive hypoxia-responsiveness of azocalixarenes, ensuring fast drug release when needed. In the sixth part, we outline the effective treatment of various diseases, such as tumors, ,,,, bacterial infection, kidney injury, and inflammation, using azocalixarene-based HGDDSs. Finally, the opportunities and perspectives of hypoxia-responsive HGDDSs are summarized.…”

Synthetically Tunable Suprahybrid Nanoparticle Platform for the Efficacious Delivery of Therapeutics

“…However, stabilizing these NPs often requires the incorporation of external agents such as ionic and nonionic stabilizing surfactants, creating a dependence that limits the versatility of PLGA in drug delivery. , Nevertheless, the use of alternative stabilizing agents may introduce limitations, including potential toxicity or immunogenicity concerns . Furthermore, researchers frequently face challenges in achieving desirable drug loading with PLGA polymers for both hydrophilic and many hydrophobic drugs due to the inherent incapability of PLGA polymers to undergo synthetic modifications. , The restriction in synthetic tunability poses significant challenges in enhancing the drug loading capacity of PLGA-based systems, necessitating innovative solutions to overcome these limitations. − To address these challenges, it becomes crucial to explore possibilities for developing single molecular platforms that allow easier synthetic modifications, enabling tailor-made use in diverse formulations. , Calixarenes are a class of cyclic organic compounds with a basket-like structure that can be synthetically modified to have specific functional groups, allowing for a tunable platform for analyte recognition, − drug encapsulation, and delivery. − Calixarenes possess terminal phenolic–OH groups and a wider upper rim, which enables easy functionalization with various chemical moieties. , This characteristic allows for customization based on specific drug delivery requirements, facilitating fine-tuning of size, shape, and functional groups to optimize drug loading, release kinetics, and biocompatibility. − …”